Content, Variety, and Augmentation of Simulated Visual Scenes for Teaching Air-to-Ground Attack

The Visual Technology Research Simulator was used for a quasi-transfer-of-training study in which 32 military pilots were taught to deliver bombs from a 30-deg dive. Scene content had a strong and consistent effect on performance and on differential transfer. A landscape scene that contained buildings, roads, and rectangular fields was better than a schematic grid pattern for both training and transfer. Scene variety in training did not benefit transfer, and there is a distinct possibility that it can interfere with early learning. Augmented feedback proved to be a potent instructional variable, but one that showed complex effects. It helped inexperienced pilots with their dive pitch control, and it helped the more experienced pilots with their longitudinal bombing error. The data presented here have strong implications for design and use of flight training simulators in that they indicate the importance of scene content and augmented feedback as training variables.

[1]  Don Lewis,et al.  Retroactive Interference in Performance on the Star Discrimeter as a Function of Amount of Interpolated Learning , 1956 .

[2]  J. F. Dashiell.  An experimental isolation of higher level habits. , 1921 .

[3]  Gavan Lintern,et al.  Simulator Design and Instructional features for Air-to-Ground Attack: Transfer Study , 1986 .

[4]  Gene Mitcheli.  AUGMENTING FEEDBACK AND TRANSFER OF TRAINING. , 1966 .

[5]  C I HOVLAND,et al.  A comparison of three varieties of training in human problem solving. , 1959, Journal of experimental psychology.

[6]  D P Westra.  Simulator Design Features for Air-to-Ground Bombing. I. Performance Experiment I. , 1983 .

[7]  G Lintern.  A Perceptual Learning Approach to Skill Transfer for Manual Control. , 1985 .

[8]  H. H. Dennis.  An approximate transfer surface. , 1976 .

[9]  D P Westra,et al.  Simulator Design Features for Carrier Landing. I. Performance Experiments. , 1981 .

[10]  Don Lewis,et al.  Correlational Analysis of the Learning and Re-Learning of Four Different Tasks on the Modified Mashburn Apparatus , 1953 .

[11]  T. A. Payne,et al.  IMPROVING LANDING PERFORMANCE USING A CONTACT LANDING TRAINER , 1954 .

[12]  Thomas H Gray,et al.  Effects of Simulator Training and Platform Motion on Air-to-Surface Weapons Delivery Training , 1977 .

[13]  D LEWIS,et al.  Devices for studying associative interference in psychomotor performance; the modified Mashburn apparatus. , 1950, The Journal of psychology.

[14]  R. W. Pew,et al.  Human perceptual-motor performance , 1974 .

[15]  Ronald G Hughes,et al.  Visual Cue Manipulation in a Simulated Air-to-Surface Weapons Delivery Task , 1978 .

[16]  Walter Schneider,et al.  Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending and a general theory. , 1977 .

[17]  R. Kruk,et al.  Flying Performance on the Advanced Simulator for Pilot Training and Laboratory Tests of Vision , 1983, Human factors.

[18]  E. Archer,et al.  Effect of long-term practice and time-on-target information feedback on a complex tracking task. , 1956, Journal of Experimental Psychology.

[19]  Robert S. Kellogg,et al.  Simulated A-10 Combat Environment , 1980 .

[20]  A. D. Fisk,et al.  Attention Theory and Mechanisms for Skilled Performance. , 1983 .

[21]  E. C. Poulton,et al.  Tracking skill and manual control , 1974 .

[22]  R. Pew.  Acquisition of hierarchical control over the temporal organization of a skill. , 1966, Journal of experimental psychology.

[23]  D. Lewis,et al.  Facilitation and interference in performance on the modified Mashburn apparatus: I. The effects of varying the amount of original learning. , 1951, Journal of experimental psychology.

[24]  Jane E. Clark,et al.  The Development of Movement Control and Coordination , 1982 .

[25]  L. Huling-Austin,et al.  Acquiring expertise. , 1985, The Diabetes educator.

[26]  C. P. Duncan.  Transfer after training with single versus multiple tasks. , 1958, Journal of experimental psychology.

[27]  Don Lewis,et al.  Correlational Study of Performance During Successive Phases of Practice on the Standard and Reversed Tasks on the Sam Complex Coordinator , 1953 .

[28]  H. Dennis H.  An approximate transfer surface. , 1976, Journal of motor behavior.

[29]  J. A. Adams,et al.  Multiple versus single problem training in human problem solving. , 1954, Journal of experimental psychology.

[30]  M Hammerton,et al.  An investigation into the effects of stress upon skilled performance. , 1969, Ergonomics.

[31]  Wayne L Waag.  Training Effectiveness of Visual and Motion Simulation , 1981 .

[32]  Stanley N. Roscoe,et al.  Transfer Of Landing Skill After Training With Supplementary Visual Cues , 1978, Optics & Photonics.

[33]  Daniel P Westra.  Simulator Design Features for Carrier Landing. II. In-Simulator Transfer of Training. , 1982 .

[34]  Daniel Gopher,et al.  Adaptive training of perceptual-motor skills: issues, results, and future directions , 1978 .