As tropical habitats continue to be cleared or degraded, obtaining basic information about the ecology of birds in intact habitats is essential for understanding their life histories. We studied the breeding biology of Orange-breasted Trogons (Harpactes oreskios) and Red-headed Trogons (H. erythrocephalus) in Khao Yai National Park in Thailand from 2003 to 2009. Nests were in excavated cavities in well-rotted stumps or other tree parts. Mean cavity heights were 2.1 m (N= 19) for Orange-breasted Trogons and 2.0 m (N= 49) for Red-headed Trogons. Eggs were laid every other day. For Orange-breasted Trogons, the mean clutch size was 2.4 ± 0.1 (SE) eggs (N= 17); incubation periods for two nests were 17 and 18 d, respectively, and the nestling period ranged from 12 to at least 14 d (N= 4). For Red-headed Trogons, the mean clutch size was 2.6 ± 0.1 eggs (N= 48), the mean incubation period was 18 d (N= 9), and the mean nestling period was 13.4 d (N= 5). In both species, both males and females excavated nest sites, incubated eggs, and brooded and provisioned nestlings. Only females incubated and brooded at night, and males provisioned nestlings more than females. Breeding seasons lasted from January to March for Orange-breasted Trogons, and from late February to July for Red-headed Trogons. Mayfield estimates of nest success were 8% and 9% for Orange-breasted and Red-headed trogons, respectively. Unusual for cavity nesters, nest failure due to predation was high and nestling periods short. The low nesting success is typical of many other tropical species, but considerably lower than reported for some Neotropical trogons, possibly due to the unenclosed structure of the nests of these Asian trogons.
RESUMEN
Mientras los habitats tropicales continuan siendo destruidos o degradados, obtener informacion basica sobre la ecologia de aves en habitats intactos es esencial para entender sus historias de vida. Estudiamos la biologia reproductiva de dos especies de Trogones, Harpactes oreskios y H. erythrocephalus, en el parque nacional Khao Yai Tailandia desde el 2003 hasta el 2009. Los nidos fueron cavidades excavadas en arboles en avanzado grado de descomposicion, en tocones o en otras partes del arbol. En promedio la altura de las cavidades fue 2.1 m (N = 19) para H. oreskios y 2.0 m (N = 49) para H. erythrocephalus. Los huevos fueron puestos cada dia de por medio. Para H. oreskios el tamano promedio de la nidada fue de 2.4 ± 0.1 (ES) huevos (N = 17); el periodo de incubacion para dos nidos fue de 17 y 18 dias respectivamente, y el periodo de polluelos fluctuo entre 12 y 14 dias (N = 4). Para H. erythrocephalus el tamano promedio de la nidada fue de 2.6 ± 0.1 huevos (N = 48), el periodo de incubacion promedio fue de 18 dias (N = 6) y el periodo promedio de polluelos fue 13.4 dias (N = 5). En ambas especies tanto el macho como la hembra excavan las cavidades, incuban los huevos y calientan y alimentan a los polluelos. Durante la noche solo la hembra incubo y calento a los polluelos, los machos alimentaron mas a los polluelos que las hembras. La temporada reproductiva tuvo lugar desde enero hasta marzo para H. oreskios y desde finales de febrero hasta julio para H. erythrocephalus. Estimaciones de Mayfield del exito de anidacion fuero 8% y 9% para H. oreskios y H. erythrocephalus, respectivamente. Es inusual para anidadores en cavidades un fracaso de los nidos debido a altas depredaciones y un corto periodo de polluelos. El bajo exito de anidacion es tipico para muchas otras especies tropicales, pero considerablemente mas bajo que el reportado para algunos trogones neotropicales, posiblemente debido a las estructuras no cerradas de los nidos de estos trogones asiatico.
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