Characterization of Aircraft Icing Environments with Supercooled Large Drops for Application to Commercial Aircraft Certification

AbstractObservations of aircraft icing environments that included supercooled large drops (SLD) greater than 100 μm in diameter have been analyzed. The observations were collected by instrumented research aircraft from 134 flights during six field programs in three different geographic regions of North America. The research aircraft were specifically instrumented to accurately measure the microphysics characteristics of SLD conditions. In total 2444 SLD icing environments were observed at 3-km resolution. Each observation had an average liquid water content (LWC) > 0.005 g m−3, drops > 100 μm in diameter, ice crystal concentrations 500 μm in diameter, each with median drop volume diameters 40 μm. For each SLD subset, the observations were used to develop envelop...

[1]  D. Baumgardner,et al.  Icing Wind Tunnel Tests on the CSIRO Liquid Water Probe , 1985 .

[2]  James E. Dye,et al.  Evaluation of the forward scattering spectrometer probe. Part II: Corrections for coincidence and dead-time losses , 1985 .

[3]  Norman R. Bergrun,et al.  A probability analysis of the meteorological factors conducive to aircraft icing in the United States , 1952 .

[4]  George A. Isaac,et al.  Thermodynamics of Icing Cylinder for Measurements of Liquid Water Content in Supercooled Clouds , 2001 .

[5]  G. Isaac,et al.  Defining Characteristic Cloud Drop Spectra From In-situ Measurements. , 2003 .

[6]  A. Tremblay.  Recent Canadian Research on Aircraft In-Flight Icing , 2001 .

[7]  A. Heymsfield,et al.  Evaluation of Liquid Water Measuring Instruments in Cold Clouds Sampled during FIRE , 1989 .

[8]  D. Baumgardner,et al.  Laboratory and wind tunnel evaluations of the Rosemount icing detector , 1989 .

[9]  George A. Isaac,et al.  Preliminary results from the Alliance Icing Research Study (AIRS) , 2001 .

[10]  Paul Joe,et al.  Testing and Performance of Two-Dimensional Optical Array Spectrometers with Greyscale , 1987 .

[11]  G. A. McKay,et al.  Estimating the Hazard of Ice Accretion in Canada from Climatological Data , 1969 .

[12]  James E. Dye,et al.  The Drop-Size Response of the CSIRO Liquid Water Probe , 1987 .

[13]  G. Isaac,et al.  An Example of Supercooled Drizzle Drops Formed through a Collision-Coalescence Process , 1996 .

[14]  Piedmont Airlines,et al.  AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT REPORT , 1969 .

[15]  George A. Isaac,et al.  Characterizations of Aircraft Icing Environments that Include Supercooled Large Drops , 2001 .

[16]  Wayne Sand,et al.  Effects of icing on performance of a research airplane , 1984 .

[17]  Thomas P. Ratvasky,et al.  NASA/FAA/NCAR Supercooled Large Droplet Icing Flight Research: Summary of Winter 1996-1997 Flight Operations , 1998 .

[18]  R. Fisher,et al.  Limiting forms of the frequency distribution of the largest or smallest member of a sample , 1928, Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.

[19]  J. Walter Strapp,et al.  Laboratory Measurements of the Response of a PMS OAP-2DC , 2001 .

[20]  Edward P. Lozowski,et al.  A Computational Investigation of Water Droplet Trajectories , 1988 .

[21]  William Lewis,et al.  Recommended Values of Meteorological Factors to Be Considered in the Design of Aircraft Ice-Prevention Equipment , 1949 .

[22]  C. O. Masters.  A new characterization of supercooled clouds below 10,000 feet AGL , 1983 .

[23]  Ramazan Gençay,et al.  EVIM: A Software Package for Extreme Value Analysis in MATLAB , 2001 .

[24]  S. Coles,et al.  An Introduction to Statistical Modeling of Extreme Values , 2001 .

[25]  J. Marshall,et al.  THE DISTRIBUTION OF RAINDROPS WITH SIZE , 1948 .

[26]  A. Korolev,et al.  Assessing Cloud-Phase Conditions , 2001 .

[27]  D. Newton.  An Integrated Approach to the Problem of Aircraft Icing , 1978 .

[28]  A. Korolev,et al.  The Nevzorov Airborne Hot-Wire LWC-TWC Probe: Principle of Operation and Performance Characteristics , 1998 .

[29]  Marcia K. Politovich,et al.  Conditions associated with large-drop regions , 1994 .

[30]  A. D. Shah,et al.  Engineering Analysis of the Atmospheric Icing Environment Including Large Droplet Conditions , 2000 .

[31]  R. Handsworth,et al.  A Hot-Wire Liquid Water Device Having Fully Calculable Response Characteristics. , 1978 .

[32]  Ben C. Bernstein,et al.  Meteorological Conditions Associated with the ATR72 Aircraft Accident near Roselawn, Indiana, on 31 October 1994 , 1997 .

[33]  Marcia K. Politovich,et al.  Response of a Research Aircraft to Icing and Evaluation of Severity Indices , 1996 .

[34]  J. Marwitz,et al.  Characterizing the Supercooled Large Droplet Environment with Corresponding Turboprop Aircraft Response , 1998 .

[35]  G. Isaac,et al.  Estimating Maximum Aircraft Icing Environments Using a Large Data Base of In -Situ Observations , 2006 .

[36]  R. Jeck.  Representative values of icing-related variables aloft in freezing rain and freezing drizzle , 1996 .

[37]  Brian E. Sheppard,et al.  Measurement of Raindrop Size Distributions Using a Small Doppler Radar , 1990 .

[38]  J. Curry,et al.  FIRE Arctic Clouds Experiment , 2013 .

[39]  Andrew J. Heymsfield,et al.  A Computational Technique for Increasing the Effective Sampling Volume of the PMS Two-Dimensional Particle Size Spectrometer , 1978 .

[40]  G. Isaac,et al.  Freezing precipitation in Canada , 1999 .

[41]  E. J. Gumbel.  On the Frequency Distribution of Extreme Values in Meteorological Data , 1942 .

[42]  D. Baumgardner,et al.  An Analysis and Comparison of Five Water Droplet Measuring Instruments. , 1983 .

[43]  John Hallett,et al.  Degradation of In-Cloud Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe Measurements in the Presence of Ice Particles , 1985 .

[44]  A. V. Korolev,et al.  Evaluation of Measurements of Particle Size and Sample Area from Optical Array Probes , 1991 .

[45]  M. Politovich.  Aircraft Icing Caused by Large Supercooled Droplets , 1989 .

[46]  G. Isaac,et al.  Aircraft Icing Measurements in East Coast Winter Storms , 1995 .

[47]  T. Glickman,et al.  Glossary of Meteorology , 2000 .

[48]  Wayne Sand,et al.  Icing Conditions Encountered by a Research Aircraft , 1984 .

[49]  E. Emery,et al.  Wind Tunnel Measurements of the Response of Hot-Wire Liquid Water Content Instruments to Large Droplets , 2003 .

[50]  A. Korolev,et al.  Evaluation of the Accuracy of PMS Optical Array Probes , 1998 .

[51]  F. Ludlam.  The heat economy of a rimed cylinder , 1951 .

[52]  A. Korolev,et al.  Assessing the Rosemount Icing Detector with In Situ Measurements , 2001 .