Science and applications of electrochromics and chromogenics

TO ELECTROCHROMIC AND CHROMOGENIC TECHNOLOGIES The basic property of a chromogenic material is that it exhibits a large change in optical properties upon a change in either electrical field, charge, light intensity, spectral composition, or temperature. This optical change results in a transformation from a highly transmitting state to a partly reflecting or absorbing state, either totally or partly over the visible and solar spectrum. The physical phenomena of interest for optical switching processes can be classified in one of two categories: electrically activated or non-electrically activated. These types are shown in Table 1:

[1]  Friedrich G. K. Baucke Electrochromic mirrors with variable reflectance , 1987 .

[2]  Carl M. Lampert Chemical and optical studies of electrochromic hydrated nickel oxide films and devices , 1990, Other Conferences.

[3]  Carl M. Lampert,et al.  Development of laminated nickel/manganese oxide and nickel/niobium oxide electrochromic devices , 1991, Optics & Photonics.

[4]  Stuart F. Cogan The a-WO3/a-IrO2 electrochromic system , 1990, Other Conferences.

[5]  Naci Basturk Liquid crystal guest host devices and their use as light shutters , 1990, Other Conferences.

[6]  D. K. Benson,et al.  Amorphous Tungsten Oxide Electrochromic Coatings for Solar Windows , 1985, Optics & Photonics.

[7]  Carl M. Lampert,et al.  In-situ spectroscopic studies of electrochromic hydrated nickel oxide films , 1989 .

[8]  Niall R. Lynam,et al.  Electrochromic Automotive Day/Night Mirrors , 1987 .

[9]  Carl M. Lampert,et al.  Chemical and Optical Properties of Electrochromic Nickel Oxide Films , 1985, Optics & Photonics.

[10]  S. Morisaki,et al.  Formation of Nickel Oxyhydroxide Thin Films by Electrodepositon and Their Electrochromic Characteristics , 1988 .

[11]  G. Seward,et al.  Thin films of WO3 for practical electrochromic windows , 1987 .

[12]  Claes-Goeran Granqvist,et al.  Electrochromic Coatings For "Smart Windows" , 1984, Optics & Photonics.

[13]  Nevill Mott,et al.  Metal-insulator transitions , 1974 .

[14]  C. S. Harris,et al.  Electrochromic Windows: Applications for Aircraft , 1989 .

[15]  P. Drzaic Polymer dispersed nematic liquid crystal for large area displays and light valves , 1986 .

[16]  Takao Kase Performance of Tungsten oxide/Prussian Blue device , 1990, Other Conferences.

[17]  Ronald B. Goldner,et al.  Completely solid lithiated smart windows , 1989 .

[18]  C. M. Elliott,et al.  Stability and response studies of multicolor electrochromic polymer modified electrodes prepared from tris(5,5′-dicarboxyester-2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) , 1986 .

[19]  S. Sherr Electronic displays , 1979 .

[20]  J. C. Lee,et al.  Doped vanadium oxide for optical switching films , 1986 .

[21]  R. Araujo Photochromism in glasses containing silver halides , 1980 .

[22]  S. Cogan,et al.  Solar modulation in a-WO3/a-IrO2 and c-KxWO3+(x/2)/a-IrO2 complementary electrochromic windows , 1987 .

[23]  R. Araujo Opthalmic glass particularly photochromic glass , 1982 .

[24]  W. C. Dautremont-Smith Transition metal oxide electrochromic materials and displays: a review: Part 1: oxides with cathodic coloration , 1982 .

[25]  Gunnar A. Niklasson,et al.  Thermochromic VO2 Films for Energy-Efficient Windows , 1987, Optics & Photonics.

[26]  A. W. Czanderna,et al.  Evaluation criteria and test methods for electrochromic windows , 1990 .

[27]  Niall R. Lynam,et al.  Automotive applications of chromogenic materials , 1990, Other Conferences.

[28]  J. H. Day,et al.  Thermochromism of inorganic compounds , 1968 .

[29]  Joseph A. Castellano,et al.  Guest-Host Interactions in Nematic Liquid Crystals , 1969 .

[30]  F. G. K. Baucke Reflectance control of automotive mirrors , 1990, Other Conferences.

[31]  Transmissive electrochromic device , 1986 .

[32]  M. Mizuhashi Electrochromic device design towards large-scale applications , 1990, Other Conferences.

[33]  Nori Y. C. Chu Photochromic Performance Of Spiroindolinonaphthoxazines In Plastics , 1985, Optics & Photonics.

[34]  M. Rubin,et al.  As‐sputtered electrochromic films of nickel oxide , 1991 .

[35]  Stuart F. Cogan,et al.  Materials And Devices In Electrochromic Window Development , 1985, Optics & Photonics.

[36]  Miguel Kiwi,et al.  ELECTRONIC PHASE TRANSITIONS OF CERIUM METAL. , 1972 .

[37]  G. Paul Montgomery Polymer-dispersed and encapsulated liquid crystal films , 1990, Other Conferences.

[38]  W. H. Toliver,et al.  Liquid Crystals , 1912, Nature.

[39]  Claes-Goeran Granqvist,et al.  Electrochromism Of Nickel-Based Sputtered Coatings , 1986, Other Conferences.

[40]  R. Crandall,et al.  Electrochromic displays based on WO3 , 1980 .

[41]  C. Lampert,et al.  Electrochromic materials and devices for energy-efficient windows. [161 references] , 1984 .

[42]  R. Sullivan,et al.  Effects of Glazing and Ventilation Options on Automobile Air Conditioner Size and Performance , 1990 .

[43]  K. Miyake,et al.  Preparation and properties of the dc reactively sputtered tungsten oxide films , 1982 .

[44]  Takao Kase,et al.  A New Electrochromic Device for Automotive Glass - The Development of Adjustable Transparency Glass , 1986 .

[45]  G. V. Jorgenson Thermochromic materials and devices inorganic systems , 1990, Other Conferences.

[46]  Sze Cheng Yang Conducting polymer as electrochromic material: polyaniline , 1990, Other Conferences.