Association Between Urban Life-Years and Cardiometabolic Risk

a The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Vol. 174, No. 2 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwr053 Advance Access publication: May 27, 2011

[1]  S. Kinra Commentary: Can conventional migration studies really identify critical age-period effects? , 2004, International journal of epidemiology.

[2]  Y. Ben-Shlomo,et al.  Geography and migration with special reference to cardiovascular disease , 2004 .

[3]  J F Cornhill,et al.  Prevalence and extent of atherosclerosis in adolescents and young adults: implications for prevention from the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth Study. , 1999, JAMA.

[4]  R. Levy,et al.  Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. , 1972, Clinical chemistry.

[5]  P. Greenland,et al.  Invited commentary: Height-cardiovascular disease relation: where to go from here? , 2002, American journal of epidemiology.

[6]  G. Reaven Relationship Between Insulin Resistance and Hypertension , 1991, Diabetes Care.

[7]  P. Jeemon,et al.  Methods for establishing a surveillance system for cardiovascular diseases in Indian industrial populations. , 2006, Bulletin of the World Health Organization.

[8]  U. Goldbourt,et al.  Blood pressure in Ethiopian immigrants: relationship to age and anthropometric factors, and changes during their first year in Israel. , 1991, Israel journal of medical sciences.

[9]  R. Turner,et al.  Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and β-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man , 1985, Diabetologia.

[10]  V. Mohan,et al.  Urban rural differences in prevalence of self-reported diabetes in India--the WHO-ICMR Indian NCD risk factor surveillance. , 2008, Diabetes research and clinical practice.

[11]  S. Yusuf,et al.  Global burden of cardiovascular diseases: part I: general considerations, the epidemiologic transition, risk factors, and impact of urbanization. , 2001, Circulation.

[12]  J E Keil,et al.  Socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular disease: a review of the literature. , 1993, Circulation.

[13]  R. Porcher,et al.  Exposure over the life course to an urban environment and its relation with obesity, diabetes, and hypertension in rural and urban Cameroon. , 2004, International journal of epidemiology.

[14]  B. Neal,et al.  Significant lipid, adiposity and metabolic abnormalities amongst 4535 Indians from a developing region of rural Andhra Pradesh. , 2008, Atherosclerosis.

[15]  G. Leung,et al.  Childhood migration and cardiovascular risk. , 2004, International journal of epidemiology.

[16]  R. Pandey,et al.  High prevalence of diabetes, obesity and dyslipidaemia in urban slum population in northern India , 2001, International Journal of Obesity.

[17]  S. Yusuf,et al.  Epidemiology and causation of coronary heart disease and stroke in India , 2007, Heart.

[18]  K. Yano,et al.  Acculturation and prevalence of diabetes among Japanese-American men in Hawaii. , 1996, American journal of epidemiology.

[19]  R. Martorell,et al.  Rural-to-urban migration and cardiovascular disease risk factors in young Guatemalan adults. , 2002, International journal of epidemiology.

[20]  M. Marmot,et al.  Relation of central obesity and insulin resistance with high diabetes prevalence and cardiovascular risk in South Asians , 1991, The Lancet.

[21]  W. Willett,et al.  Prevention of chronic disease by means of diet and lifestyle changes. , 2006 .

[22]  C. Fall Non-industrialised countries and affluence. , 2001, British medical bulletin.

[23]  Rama Raju,et al.  Cardiovascular disease and risk factors among 345 adults in rural India--the Andhra Pradesh Rural Health Initiative. , 2007, International journal of cardiology.

[24]  Y. Ben-Shlomo,et al.  A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology: conceptual models, empirical challenges and interdisciplinary perspectives , 2002 .

[25]  Y. Ben-Shlomo,et al.  Effect of integration of supplemental nutrition with public health programmes in pregnancy and early childhood on cardiovascular risk in rural Indian adolescents: long term follow-up of Hyderabad nutrition trial , 2008, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[26]  Timothy B. Smith,et al.  Acculturation to Western Society as a Risk Factor for High Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analytic Review , 2006, Psychosomatic medicine.

[27]  Dorairaj Prabhakaran,et al.  Educational status and cardiovascular risk profile in Indians , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[28]  Ambady Ramachandran,et al.  Prevalence of Glucose Intolerance in Asian Indians: Urban-rural difference and significance of upper body adiposity , 1992, Diabetes Care.

[29]  C. Salmond,et al.  Longitudinal analysis of the relationship between blood pressure and migration: the Tokelau Island Migrant Study. , 1985, American journal of epidemiology.

[30]  D. Prabhakaran,et al.  The Effect of Rural-to-Urban Migration on Obesity and Diabetes in India: A Cross-Sectional Study , 2010, PLoS medicine.

[31]  R. Ramachandran,et al.  Urbanization and Urban Systems in India , 1990 .

[32]  K. Narayan,et al.  Finding a policy solution to India's diabetes epidemic. , 2008, Health affairs.

[33]  H. Delisle,et al.  Obesity and cardio-metabolic risk factors in urban adults of Benin: Relationship with socio-economic status, urbanisation, and lifestyle patterns , 2008, BMC public health.

[34]  G. Davey Smith,et al.  The mortality divide in India: the differential contributions of gender, caste, and standard of living across the life course. , 2006, American journal of public health.

[35]  J. Durnin,et al.  Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: measurements on 481 men and women aged from 16 to 72 Years , 1974, British Journal of Nutrition.

[36]  S. Kinra Commentary: Beyond urban-rural comparisons: towards a life course approach to understanding health effects of urbanization. , 2004, International journal of epidemiology.