Construction and visualisation of three-dimensional facial statistics

This paper presents a new method for the construction of three-dimensional (3D) probabilistic facial averages and demonstrates the potential for applications in clinical craniofacial research and patient assessment. Averages are constructed from a database of registered laser-range scans and photographic images using feature based image warping. Facial features are extracted using a template of connected contours, adapted to each subject interactively using snakes. Each subject's images are warped to the average template shape and the mean depth, colour and covariance matrix is found at each point. Statistical comparison of individuals with an average or between two averages is visualised by converting the probabilities to a coloured texture map.

[1]  M I Miller,et al.  Mathematical textbook of deformable neuroanatomies. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[2]  N. D. Duffy,et al.  Laser-video scanner calibration without the use of a frame store , 1998 .

[3]  M Sakuda,et al.  Development of a 3-D measurement and evaluation system for facial forms with a liquid crystal range finder. , 1999, Computer methods and programs in biomedicine.

[4]  John F. Hughes,et al.  Direct manipulation of free-form deformations , 1992, SIGGRAPH.

[5]  Bryan F. J. Manly,et al.  Multivariate Statistical Methods : A Primer , 1986 .

[6]  G. Rabey,et al.  Current principles of morphanalysis and their implications in oral surgical practice. , 1977, The British journal of oral surgery.

[7]  A. O'Toole,et al.  Three-Dimensional Caricatures of Human Heads: Distinctiveness and the Perception of Facial Age , 1997, Perception.

[8]  Karl Zilles,et al.  A New Approach to Fast Elastic Alignment with Applications to Human Brain , 1996, VBC.

[9]  R. Rabbitt,et al.  3D brain mapping using a deformable neuroanatomy. , 1994, Physics in medicine and biology.

[10]  Paul M. Thompson,et al.  A surface-based technique for warping three-dimensional images of the brain , 1996, IEEE Trans. Medical Imaging.

[11]  A. Toga,et al.  A SURFACE-BASED TECHNIQUE FOR WARPING 3-DIMENSIONAL IMAGES OF THE BRAIN , 2000 .

[12]  Fred L. Bookstein,et al.  Principal Warps: Thin-Plate Splines and the Decomposition of Deformations , 1989, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[13]  B. Manly.  Multivariate Statistical Methods : A Primer , 1986 .

[14]  W R Fright,et al.  Three-dimensional analysis techniques--Part 1: Three-dimensional soft-tissue analysis of 24 adult cleft palate patients following Le Fort I maxillary advancement: a preliminary report. , 1997, The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association.

[15]  Sung Yong Shin,et al.  Image metamorphosis using snakes and free-form deformations , 1995, SIGGRAPH.

[16]  Nicholas Ayache,et al.  A General Scheme for Automatically Building 3D Morphometric Anatomical Atlases: application to a Sku , 1995 .

[17]  Nicholas Ayache,et al.  A scheme for automatically building three-dimensional morphometric anatomical atlases: application to a skull atlas , 1998, Medical Image Anal..

[18]  Alf D. Linney,et al.  Three-Dimensional Analysis Techniques—Part 3: Color-Coded System for Three-Dimensional Measurement of Bone and Ratio of Soft Tissue to Bone: The Analysis , 1997 .

[19]  D. Perrett,et al.  Facial shape and judgements of female attractiveness , 1994, Nature.

[20]  Markus H. Gross,et al.  Simulating facial surgery using finite element models , 1996, SIGGRAPH.

[21]  Morten Bro-Nielsen,et al.  Fast Fluid Registration of Medical Images , 1996, VBC.

[22]  Andrew P. Witkin,et al.  Variational surface modeling , 1992, SIGGRAPH.

[23]  Fred L. Bookstein,et al.  Spline-based approach for averaging three-dimensional curves and surfaces , 1993, Optics & Photonics.

[24]  G. Subsol,et al.  A Craniofacial Surgery Simulation , 1994 .

[25]  Ruzena Bajcsy,et al.  Multiresolution elastic matching , 1989, Comput. Vis. Graph. Image Process..

[26]  Paul M. Thompson,et al.  Visualization and Mapping of Anatomic Abnormalities Using a Probabilistic Brain Atlas Based on Random Fluid Transformations , 1996, VBC.

[27]  T. M. Graber.  Surgical correction of dentofacial deformities: New concepts , 1985 .

[28]  Timothy F. Cootes,et al.  Automatic Interpretation and Coding of Face Images Using Flexible Models , 1997, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[29]  David I. Perrett,et al.  Synthesising continuous-tone caricatures , 1991, Image Vis. Comput..

[30]  D I Perrett,et al.  Extracting Prototypical Facial Images from Exemplars , 1993, Perception.

[31]  Jean-Philippe Thirion,et al.  Non-rigid matching using demons , 1996, Proceedings CVPR IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[32]  Sung Yong Shin,et al.  Scattered Data Interpolation with Multilevel B-Splines , 1997, IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph..