State of the art in optimal capacitor allocation for reactive power compensation in distribution feeders

The application of capacitors in electric power systems is intended for the control of power flow, improvement of stability, voltage profile management, power factor correction, and loss minimization. This paper presents a review of different solution methods found in the literature and is intended as a guide for those interested in the problem or intending to do additional research in the area. The assumptions made and brief descriptions of the solution methods are presented.

[1]  Magdy M. A. Salama,et al.  Fuzzy optimal capacitor sizing and placement , 1995, Proceedings 1995 Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering.

[2]  J.C. Carlisle,et al.  A review of capacitor placement techniques on distribution feeders , 1997, Proceedings The Twenty-Ninth Southeastern Symposium on System Theory.

[3]  D. J. Adams,et al.  Harmonic and reactive power compensation based on the generalized instantaneous reactive power theory for 3-phase 4-wire systems , 1997, PESC97. Record 28th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference. Formerly Power Conditioning Specialists Conference 1970-71. Power Processing and Electronic Specialists Conference 1972.

[4]  S. Civanlar,et al.  Volt/Var Control on Distribution Systems with Lateral Branches Using Shunt Capacitors and Voltage Regulators Part I: The Overall Problem , 1985, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems.

[5]  Y. G. Bae,et al.  Analytical Method of Capacitor Allocation on Distribution Primary Feeders , 1978, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems.

[6]  M. E. Baran,et al.  Optimal sizing of capacitors placed on a radial distribution system , 1989 .

[7]  M. Kaplan Optimization of Number, Location, Size, Control Type, and Control Setting of Shunt Capacitors on Radial Distribution Feeders , 1984, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems.

[8]  M. Salama,et al.  Capacitor allocation by approximate reasoning: fuzzy capacitor placement , 2000 .

[9]  J. J. Grainger,et al.  Design of a Real-Time Switching Control Scheme for Capacitive Compensation of Distribution Feeders , 1982, IEEE Power Engineering Review.

[10]  A. Y. Chikhani,et al.  Classification of capacitor allocation techniques , 2000 .

[11]  Chao-Shun Chen,et al.  Optimal distribution feeder capacitor placement considering mutual coupling effect of conductors , 1995 .

[12]  Anil Pahwa,et al.  Optimal selection of capacitors for radial distribution systems using a genetic algorithm , 1994 .

[13]  S. Civanlar,et al.  Optimal Design and Control Scheme for Continuous Capacitive Compensation of Distribution Feeders , 1983, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems.

[14]  Venkataramana Ajjarapu,et al.  Application of genetic based algorithms to optimal capacitor placement , 1991, Proceedings of the First International Forum on Applications of Neural Networks to Power Systems.

[15]  A. Y. Chikhani,et al.  An expert system for reactive power control of a distribution system. I. System configuration , 1991 .

[16]  H. Oman,et al.  Predicting and testing the effectiveness of voltage-correcting capacitors on two 12 kV distribution lines , 1991, Proceedings of the 1991 IEEE Power Engineering Society Transmission and Distribution Conference.

[17]  Jin-Cheng Wang,et al.  Optimal capacitor placements in distribution systems. I. A new formulation and the overall problem , 1990 .

[18]  J.D. Foster,et al.  Easing radial system analysis , 1993, IEEE Computer Applications in Power.

[19]  J.C. Carlisle,et al.  Reactive power compensation on distribution feeders , 1997, Proceedings The Twenty-Ninth Southeastern Symposium on System Theory.

[20]  Jianzhong Tong,et al.  Optimal capacitor placement, replacement and control in large-scale unbalanced distribution systems: modeling and a new formulation , 1995 .

[21]  Y. H. Yan,et al.  Effect of mutual coupling to the reactive power placement of power systems , 1992, TENCON'92 - Technology Enabling Tomorrow.

[22]  J. L. Bala,et al.  Sensivity-based optimal capacitor placement on a radial distribution feeder , 1995, IEEE Technical Applications Conference and Workshops. Northcon/95. Conference Record.

[23]  A. A. El-Keib,et al.  A graph search algorithm for optimal placement of fixed and switched capacitors on radial distribution systems , 2000 .

[24]  S. Ertem,et al.  Optimal shunt capacitor sizing for reduced line loading, voltage improvement and loss reduction of distribution feeders , 1989, The Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual North American Power Symposium.

[25]  J. J. Grainger,et al.  Optimal Voltage Dependent Continuous-Time Control of Reactive Power on Primary Feeders , 1984, IEEE Power Engineering Review.

[26]  Jianzhong Tong,et al.  Optimal capacitor placement, replacement and control in large-scale unbalanced distribution systems: system solution algorithms and numerical studies , 1995 .

[27]  Hiroyuki Mori,et al.  Capacitor placement using parallel tabu search in distribution systems , 1999, IEEE SMC'99 Conference Proceedings. 1999 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (Cat. No.99CH37028).

[28]  Y.-Y. Hsu,et al.  Dispatch of capacitors on distribution system using dynamic programming , 1993 .

[29]  Ching-Tzong Su,et al.  A new fuzzy-reasoning approach to optimum capacitor allocation for primary distribution systems , 1996, Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT'96).

[30]  H. Chiang,et al.  Capacitor placement and real time control in large-scale unbalanced distribution systems: loss reduction formula, problem formulation, solution methodology and mathematical justification , 1996 .

[31]  Robert Rinker,et al.  Using the reactive current profile of a feeder to determine optimal capacitor placement , 1988 .

[32]  M. E. Baran,et al.  Optimal capacitor placement on radial distribution systems , 1989 .

[33]  J. Grainger,et al.  Optimum Size and Location of Shunt Capacitors for Reduction of Losses on Distribution Feeders , 1981, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems.

[34]  J. J. Grainger,et al.  Capacity Release by Shunt Capacitor Placement on Distribution Feeders: A New Voltage-Dependent Model , 1982, IEEE Power Engineering Review.

[35]  A. H. Noureddine,et al.  Linear Programming Approach to Loss Minimization and Capacitor Sizing and Placement , 1992, The 24th Southeastern Symposium on and The 3rd Annual Symposium on Communications, Signal Processing Expert Systems, and ASIC VLSI Design System Theory.

[36]  A. Y. Chikhani,et al.  A survey of the application of AI in capacitor allocation and control , 1997, CCECE '97. Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering. Engineering Innovation: Voyage of Discovery. Conference Proceedings.

[37]  Yahia Baghzouz,et al.  Shunt capacitor sizing for radial distribution feeders with distorted substation voltages , 1990 .

[38]  Nelson E. Chang,et al.  Locating Shunt Capacitors on Primary Feeder for Voltage Control and Loss Reduction , 1969 .

[39]  Ali Abur,et al.  Optimal capacitor placement for improving power quality , 1999, 1999 IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.99CH36364).

[40]  Jin-Cheng Wang,et al.  Optimal capacitor placements in distribution systems. II. Solution algorithms and numerical results , 1990 .

[41]  Hong-Chan Chin Optimal shunt capacitor allocation by fuzzy dynamic programming , 1995 .

[42]  Mohammed H. Haque Capacitor placement in radial distribution systems for loss reduction , 1999 .

[43]  Andrija T. Saric,et al.  Fuzzy optimisation of capacitors in distribution systems , 1997 .

[44]  A. Y. Chikhani,et al.  Capacitor placement in distribution systems using fuzzy technique , 1996, Proceedings of 1996 Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering.

[45]  Yuan-Yih Hsu,et al.  Fuzzy dynamic programming approach to reactive power/voltage control in a distribution substation , 1997 .

[46]  A. Y. Chikhani,et al.  Microprocessor controlled reactive power compensator for loss reduction in radial distribution feeders , 1991 .

[47]  G. S. Christensen,et al.  APPLICATION OF OPTIMIZATION TO THE SIZE AND CONTROL SETTINGS OF SHUNT CAPACITORS ON DISTRIBUTION FEEDERS , 1990 .

[48]  K. Clinard,et al.  Placement of Fixed And/Or Non-Simultaneously Switched Capacitors on Unbalanced Three-Phase Feeders Involving Laterals , 1985, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems.

[49]  Tharwat Fawzi,et al.  New Approach for the Application of Shunt Capacitors to the Primary Distribution Feeders , 1983, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems.

[50]  J. Grainger,et al.  Optimum Placement of Fixed and Switched Capacitors on Primary Distribution Feeders , 1981, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems.

[51]  Shesha H. Jayaram,et al.  Capacitor placement in distribution systems using heuristic search strategies , 1997 .

[52]  Hernando Dura,et al.  Optimum Number, Location, and Size of Shunt Capacitors in Radial Distribution Feeders A Dynamic Programming Approach , 1968 .

[53]  S. Civanlar,et al.  Volt/Var Control on Distribution Systems with Lateral Branches Using Shunt Capacitors and Voltage Regulators Part II: The Solution Method , 1985, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems.

[54]  A. Y. Chikhani,et al.  An expert system for reactive power control of a distribution system. Part 2: system implementation , 1995 .

[55]  Jen-Hao Teng,et al.  A linear model for real-time capacitor control in unbalanced distribution system , 2000, 2000 Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting (Cat. No.00CH37134).

[56]  Shyh-Jier Huang,et al.  An immune-based optimization method to capacitor placement in a radial distribution system , 2000 .

[57]  Nelson E. Chang,et al.  Generalized Equations on Loss Reduction with Shunt Capacitor , 1972 .

[58]  Yutian Liu,et al.  Optimal reactive power and voltage control for radial distribution system , 2000, 2000 Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting (Cat. No.00CH37134).

[59]  A. S. Safigianni,et al.  Combined long-term optimization of radial primary distribution networks , 1999, PowerTech Budapest 99. Abstract Records. (Cat. No.99EX376).

[60]  A. Y. Chikhani,et al.  A new technique for loss reduction using compensating capacitors applied to distribution systems with varying load condition , 1994 .

[61]  Hong-Tzer Yang,et al.  Solution to capacitor placement problem in a radial distribution system using tabu search method , 1995, Proceedings 1995 International Conference on Energy Management and Power Delivery EMPD '95.

[62]  O. T. Tan,et al.  Neural-net based real-time control of capacitors installed on distribution systems , 1990 .

[63]  G. Darling,et al.  Capacitor placement, replacement and control in large-scale distribution systems by a GA-based two-stage algorithm , 1997 .

[64]  S. K. Basu,et al.  Energy loss reduction in distribution system by capacitor placement through combined GA-SA technique , 1998, Proceedings of IEEE TENCON '98. IEEE Region 10 International Conference on Global Connectivity in Energy, Computer, Communication and Control (Cat. No.98CH36229).

[65]  Ching-Tzong Su,et al.  Optimal selection of capacitors in distribution systems , 1999, PowerTech Budapest 99. Abstract Records. (Cat. No.99EX376).

[66]  A. Y. Chikhani,et al.  A simplified network approach to the VAr control problem for radial distribution systems , 1993 .

[67]  David Lubkeman,et al.  Applications of Knowledge-Based Programming to Power Engineering Problems , 1989, IEEE Power Engineering Review.

[68]  X. Ren,et al.  Fuzzy modeling of capacitor switching for radial distribution systems , 2001, 2001 IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.01CH37194).

[69]  M. R. Sultan,et al.  Power factor correction capacitors; essentials and cautions , 2000, 2000 Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting (Cat. No.00CH37134).

[70]  Gregory Levitin,et al.  Optimal capacitor allocation in distribution systems using a genetic algorithm and a fast energy loss computation technique , 2000 .

[71]  J.L. Bala,et al.  Optimal Capacitor AUocation Using a Distribution Analyzer Recorder , 1997, IEEE Power Engineering Review.

[72]  H. Chiang,et al.  Capacitor placement and real time control in large-scale unbalanced distribution systems: numerical studies , 1996, Proceedings of 1996 Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition.

[73]  Dan Jiang,et al.  Optimal electric distribution system switch reconfiguration and capacitor control , 1996 .

[74]  Yahia Baghzouz,et al.  Effects of nonlinear loads on optimal capacitor placement in radial feeders , 1991 .

[75]  M. F. de Medeiros,et al.  Optimal power flow in distribution networks by Newton's optimization methods , 1998, ISCAS '98. Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (Cat. No.98CH36187).

[76]  M. Ponnavsikko,et al.  Optimal Choice of Fixed and Switched Shunt Capacitors on Radial Distributors by the Method of Local Variations , 1983, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems.

[77]  Whei-Min Lin,et al.  Capacitor placements for distribution systems with fuzzy algorithm , 1994, Proceedings of TENCON'94 - 1994 IEEE Region 10's 9th Annual International Conference on: 'Frontiers of Computer Technology'.

[78]  S. M. Shahidehpour,et al.  A fuzzy-based optimal reactive power control , 1993 .