Genetic frontiers in the development of ‘clean, green and ethical’ management systems for the extensive sheep industry

In 2004, the concept of “clean, green and ethical (CGE)” management was presented with a view to helping producers to respond to developments in societal demands. The initial focus was on efficient reproduction in small ruminants in grazing systems, but subsequent versions have expanded to other animal production systems, all the while aiming to minimise drug use, minimise the environmental footprint, and maximise animal welfare. To date, much of our research has targeted the physiological, behavioural and managerial limitations to implementation of CGE management at flock or herd level. Here, we consider the role of genetics, particularly within the context of Merino sheep under extensive grazing. Our aim is to stimulate discussion and promote research in quantitative and molecular genetics as a means of finding solutions to major limitations in the CGE framework: 1) drug-free control of reproduction; 2) fecundity; 3) fertility; 4) colostrum production; 5) mother-young bonding; and 6) weaner mortality. These new directions in research expand the scope of the CGE concept in animal production and might help producers respond to the increasing intensity of demands for ‘clean and green’ food and fibre as well as high standards in animal welfare. Importantly, CGE management is low-cost and low-tech, so it is perfectly suited to extensively grazed sheep.