Orthodontic materials research and applications: part 1. Current status and projected future developments in bonding and adhesives.

The purpose of this opinion article, to be presented in 2 parts, is to project immediate future developments expected in orthodontic materials research and applications. Analysis of the material is structured around 2axes: presentation of evidence summarizing the current status in various fields, and formulation of a hypothesis for short-term future developments. This first part of the article deals with advances and developments in bonding to enamel. Projected adhesive developments include greater use of high-energy lamps for polymerization in light-cured systems, universal application of molar tube bonding, widespread use of self-etching primers, broader acceptance of glass ionomers in their conventional and modified modes, and elimination of 2-phase adhesives in favor of no-mix and light-cured adhesives. Long-term future adhesive applications might also include biomimetic approaches, adopting mechanisms used by living organisms to adhere to surfaces.

[1]  C. Klersy,et al.  Effect of blood contamination on shear bond strength of brackets bonded with a self-etching primer combined with a resin-modified glass ionomer. , 2004, American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics.

[2]  S. Bishara,et al.  Evaluation of a new curing light on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets. , 2009, The Angle orthodontist.

[3]  J. Gledhill,et al.  The crystal growth technique--a laboratory evaluation of bond strengths. , 1999, European Journal of Orthodontics.

[4]  D. Banting,et al.  Bond strength comparison of 2 self-etching primers over a 3-month storage period. , 2004, American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics.

[5]  D. Watts,et al.  In Situ Photo-Polymerisation and Polymerisation-Shrinkage Phenomena , 2005 .

[6]  M. Buonocore.  A Simple Method of Increasing the Adhesion of Acrylic Filling Materials to Enamel Surfaces , 1955, Journal of dental research.

[7]  T. Eliades,et al.  6 Oral Microbiological Changes, Long-Term Enamel Alterations Due to Decalcification, and Caries Prophylactic Aspects , 2001 .

[8]  M. Makou,et al.  Color stability of orthodontic adhesive resins. , 2009, The Angle orthodontist.

[9]  W. Dunn,et al.  A comparison of shear bond strengths of orthodontic brackets using various light sources, light guides, and cure times. , 2002, American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics.

[10]  T. Eliades,et al.  Orthodontic Materials Scientific And Clinical Aspects , 2006 .

[11]  T. Eliades,et al.  Residual monomer leaching from chemically cured and visible light-cured orthodontic adhesives. , 1995, American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics.

[12]  K. Kim,et al.  Nd:YAG laser ablation of enamel for orthodontic use: tensile bond strength and surface modification. , 2003, Dental materials journal.

[13]  K. Titley,et al.  Combinations of etchants, composite resins, and bracket systems: an important choice in orthodontic bonding procedures. , 1999, The Angle orthodontist.

[14]  T. Eliades,et al.  Comparison of enamel colour changes associated with orthodontic bonding using two different adhesives. , 2001, European journal of orthodontics.

[15]  Phillip B. Messersmith,et al.  Bioinspired antifouling polymers , 2005 .

[16]  T. Eliades,et al.  Dental hard tissues and bonding : interfacial phenomena and related properties , 2005 .

[17]  J. English,et al.  Clinical evaluation of bond failure rates with a new self-etching primer. , 2002, Journal of clinical orthodontics : JCO.

[18]  H. Duschner,et al.  Cariostatic effect of a light-cured, resin-reinforced glass-ionomer for bonding orthodontic brackets in vivo , 1998, Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics / Fortschritte der Kieferorthopädie.

[19]  T. Eliades,et al.  Intraoral aging of orthodontic materials: the picture we miss and its clinical relevance. , 2005, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics.

[20]  Sang-Hoon Rhee,et al.  Changes of optical properties of dental nano-filled resin composites after curing and thermocycling. , 2004, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials.

[21]  C. Klersy,et al.  Polymerization with a micro-xenon light of a resin-modified glass ionomer: a shear bond strength study 15 minutes after bonding. , 2002, European journal of orthodontics.

[22]  M. F. Sfondrini,et al.  Effects of conventional and high-intensity light-curing on enamel shear bond strength of composite resin and resin-modified glass-ionomer. , 2001, American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics.

[23]  R. Hobson,et al.  Variations in acid-etch patterns with different acids and etch times. , 2001, American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics.

[24]  Ali Dhinojwala,et al.  Synthetic gecko foot-hairs from multiwalled carbon nanotubes. , 2005, Chemical communications.

[25]  I. Kocadereli,et al.  Effect of self-etching primer and adhesive formulations on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets. , 2005, American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics.

[26]  T. Hayakawa,et al.  Effect of thermal cycling on shear bond strength with different types of self-etching primer for bonding orthodontic brackets using a MMA-based resin. , 2005, Dental materials journal.

[27]  D. Rinchuse,et al.  Understanding science and evidence-based decision making in orthodontics. , 2005, American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics.

[28]  W. Dunn,et al.  Shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded with light-emitting diode curing units at various polymerization times. , 2004, American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics.

[29]  M. Toledano,et al.  Bracket bonding with 15- or 60-second etching and adhesive remaining on enamel after debonding. , 1999, The Angle orthodontist.

[30]  B. Øgaard.  Incidence of filled surfaces from 10-18 years of age in an orthodontically treated and untreated group in Norway , 1989 .

[31]  J. Warren,et al.  Effect of a fluoride-releasing self-etch acidic primer on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets. , 2002, The Angle orthodontist.

[32]  T. Eliades,et al.  Dental hard tissues and bonding , 2005 .

[33]  T. Eliades,et al.  Risk Management in Orthodontics: Experts' Guide to Malpractice , 2004 .

[34]  B. Øgaard,et al.  Effects of combined application of antimicrobial and fluoride varnishes in orthodontic patients. , 2001, American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics.

[35]  F. Mante,et al.  Effect of saliva on shear bond strength of an orthodontic adhesive used with moisture-insensitive and self-etching primers. , 2003, American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics.

[36]  J. Tagami,et al.  Tensile bond strength to and SEM evaluation of ground and intact enamel surfaces. , 1999, Journal of dentistry.

[37]  A. Ireland,et al.  An in vivo investigation into bond failure rates with a new self-etching primer system. , 2003, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics.

[38]  T. Eliades,et al.  Advanced orthodontic education: evolution of assessment criteria and methods to meet future challenges. , 2005, The Angle orthodontist.

[39]  D. Pashley,et al.  Etched Enamel Structure and Topography: Interface with Materials , 2005 .

[40]  Miller Ra.  Laboratory and clinical evaluation of a self-etching primer. , 2001 .

[41]  C. Klersy,et al.  Effect of water and saliva contamination on shear bond strength of brackets bonded with conventional, hydrophilic, and self-etching primers. , 2003, American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics.

[42]  C. Klersy,et al.  Effect of different light sources and guides on shear bond strength of brackets bonded with 2 adhesive systems. , 2005, American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics.

[43]  T Eliades,et al.  The inappropriateness of conventional orthodontic bond strength assessment protocols. , 2000, European journal of orthodontics.

[44]  N. Pandis,et al.  A comparative in vivo assessment of the long-term failure rate of 2 self-etching primers. , 2005, American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics : official publication of the American Association of Orthodontists, its constituent societies, and the American Board of Orthodontics.

[45]  J. Årtun,et al.  Prevalence of carious white spots after orthodontic treatment with multibonded appliances. , 1986, European journal of orthodontics.

[46]  S. Kiliaridis,et al.  Light curing time reduction: in vitro evaluation of new intensive light-emitting diode curing units. , 2005, European journal of orthodontics.

[47]  M. Makou,et al.  Enamel surface roughness following debonding using two resin grinding methods. , 2004, European journal of orthodontics.

[48]  John Lewis.  Material challenge for flexible organic devices , 2006 .

[49]  A. Ireland,et al.  The effect of pumicing on the in vivo use of a resin modified glass poly(alkenoate) cement and a conventional no-mix composite for bonding orthodontic brackets. , 2002, Journal of orthodontics.

[50]  D. Smith,et al.  Crystal growth on the outer enamel surface--an alternative to acid etching. , 1986, American journal of orthodontics.

[51]  F. Rueggeberg,et al.  Biological effects of blue light from dental curing units. , 2004, Dental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials.