Why “underpowered” trials are not necessarily unethical
暂无分享,去创建一个
David Braunholtz | S. Edwards | D. Braunholtz | R. Lilford | SJL Edwards | RJ Lilford | Jennifer Jackson | J. Jackson | Sjl Edwards
[1] C H Schmid,et al. Large trials vs meta-analysis of smaller trials : How do their results compare ? , 1996 .
[2] M. Hlatky,et al. Growing pains of meta-analysis , 1996, BMJ.
[3] R J Lilford,et al. For Debate: The statistical basis of public policy: a paradigm shift is overdue , 1996, BMJ.
[4] J. Thornton,et al. Preterm breech babies and randomised trials of rare conditions , 1996, British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.
[5] M. Baum,et al. Ethics of clinical trials: the ‘forbidden fruit’ phenomena , 1996 .
[6] J G Thornton,et al. Clinical trials and rare diseases: a way out of a conundrum , 1995, BMJ.
[7] R J Lilford,et al. Equipoise and the ethics of randomization. , 1995, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine.
[8] P. Fayers,et al. Sample size: how many patients are necessary? , 1995, British Journal of Cancer.
[9] R. J. Hayes,et al. Empirical evidence of bias. Dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials. , 1995, JAMA.
[10] A Liberati,et al. "Meta-analysis: statistical alchemy for the 21st century": discussion. A plea for a more balanced view of meta-analysis and systematic overviews of the effect of health care interventions. , 1995, Journal of clinical epidemiology.
[11] S. Goodman,et al. The Use of Predicted Confidence Intervals When Planning Experiments and the Misuse of Power When Interpreting Results , 1994, Annals of Internal Medicine.
[12] P. Freeman,et al. The role of p-values in analysing trial results. , 1993, Statistics in medicine.
[13] M. Parmar,et al. Meta-analysis of the literature or of individual patient data: is there a difference? , 1993, The Lancet.
[14] P. Fayers,et al. Towards an international register of cancer trials: the UKCCCR register of U.K. trials. , 1993, European journal of cancer.
[15] F. Mosteller,et al. A comparison of results of meta-analyses of randomized control trials and recommendations of clinical experts. Treatments for myocardial infarction. , 1992, JAMA.
[16] C D Naylor,et al. Incorporating variations in the quality of individual randomized trials into meta-analysis. , 1992, Journal of clinical epidemiology.
[17] S. Pocock,et al. Can meta-analyses be trusted? , 1991, The Lancet.
[18] G. Barnard. Must clinical trials be large? The interpretation of P-values and the combination of test results. , 1990, Statistics in medicine.
[19] R. Lilford,et al. The alpha and beta errors in randomized trials. , 1990, The New England journal of medicine.
[20] R. Lilford,et al. Size of trials for evaluation of antenatal tests of fetal wellbeing in high risk pregnancy , 1990, Journal of perinatal medicine.
[21] R. Lilford. Evaluating New Treatments and Diagnostic Technologies in Obstetrics: Practical Problems, Ethics, and Solutions , 1989, International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care.
[22] L. Freedman,et al. The size of clinical trials in cancer research--what are the current needs? Medical Research Council Cancer Therapy Committee. , 1989, British Journal of Cancer.
[23] D. Clayton,et al. Ethically optimised designs. , 1982, British journal of clinical pharmacology.
[24] D. Altman. Statistics and ethics in medical research: III How large a sample? , 1980, British medical journal.