Sleep-disordered breathing and cardio- and cerebrovascular diseases: 2003 update of clinical significance and future perspectives

SummaryThe purpose of this review is to summarize current knowledge about the link between sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a well-established risk factor for systemic arterial hypertension, and its treatment with continuous positive airway pressure leads to a decrease in daytime and night-time blood pressure profiles. Pulmonary arterial hypertension occurs in 20–30% of OSA patients and is usually mild. It is not yet clear if OSA per se leads to pulmonary hypertension or if the coexistence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with daytime and/or sleep-related hypoxaemia is required to provoke a persistent rise in pulmonary artery pressure. Furthermore, OSA is associated with nocturnal cardiac arrhythmias, especially cyclical fluctuations of the heart rate in response to recurrent apnoeas. Atrioventricular conduction blocks and ventricular premature beats are less often observed and seem to be confined to patients with severe OSA and those with accompanying ischaemic heart disease. The association between OSA and vaso-occlusive disease (i.e. atherosclerosis) is less clear. However, accumulating experimental and epidemiological data support such a link. Thus, OSA may lead to coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke by promoting atherosclerosis. Correspondingly, patients with CAD or acute stroke show a high prevalence of SDB. Cheyne—Stokes respiration (CSR) is a specific pattern of central sleep apnoea occurring in patients with advanced congestive heart failure (CHF). If present, CSR clearly has a negative impact on the clinical course of CHF. Although the optimal treatment strategy for CSR is less well defined than that for OSA, the successful reversal of CSR might increase overll survival in affected patients.ZusammenfassungZiel dieser Übersichtsarbeit ist die Darstellung aktueller Zusammenhänge zwischen schlafbezogenen Atmungsstörungen und kardio- bzw. zerebrovaskulären Erkrankungen: Das obstruktive Schlafapnoe-Syndrom (OSAS) ist als unabhängiger Risikofaktor für die Entstehung einer arteriellen Hypertonie anzusehen. Die nasale Überdruck-Therapie (CPAP) führt zu einer Senkung des Tages- und Nachtblutdruckes. Ca. 20–30% der Patienten mit OSAS weisen eine pulmonal-arterielle Hypertonie auf; unk lar ist jedoch, ob, eine zusätzliche Lungenerkrankung mit Tages- und/oder Nachthypoxämie eine notwendige Voraussetzung zur Entstehung der pulmonal-arteriellen Hypertonie bei diesen Patienten ist. Herzrhythmusstörungen, insbesondere apnoebedingte Schwankungen der Herzfrequenz, treten bei OSAS gehäuft auf. Atrioventrikuläre Blockbilder oder ventrikuläre Extrasystolen sind seltener anzutreffen und scheinen auf schwere Formen des OSAS und solche mit zusätzlicher koronarer Herzkrankheit beschränkt zu sein. Die Zusammenhänge zwischen OSAS und der Entwicklung einer Arteriosklerose sind nicht vollständig geklärt, jedoch belegen experimentelle und epidemiologische Studien diesbezüglich eine enge Verbindung. Durch Induktion einer Arteriosklerose kann das OSAS zur Entstehung einer koronaren Herzkrankheit oder eines beitragen. Patienten mit einer koronaren Herzkrankheit oder einem apoplektischen Insult weisen dementsprechend eine hohe Prävalenz schlafbezogener Atmungsstörungen auf. Eine spezielle Form zentraler Apnoen stellt die Cheyne-Stokes Atmung dar, die bei Patienten mit fortgeschrittener Herzinsuffizienz gehäuft vorliegt. Gesichert ist der negative Einfluß der Cheyne-Stokes Atmung auf den klinischen Verlauf der Herzinsuffizienz. Obwohl die Behandlungsstrategie der Cheyne-Stokes Atmung weniger etabliert ist als beim OSAS, führt deren erfolgreiche Behandlung zu einer Steigerung der Lebenserwartung bei den Betroffenen.

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