Age differences and age changes in activities: Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging.

This study examines cross-sectional age differences, longitudinal age changes, and secular changes in obligatory, committed, and discretionary activities, using activity questionnaire completed by men and women participants in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging between 1958 and 1992. (1) Time spent, on obligatory activities and passive leisure is greatest, and on committed activities and active leisure least, for older adults. (2) Longitudinal patterns usually mirror cross-sectional ones. There are pronounced exceptions for women whose paid work time has been increasing and housework decreasing, while cross-sectional patterns show the reverse. (3) Over recent decades, time in committed activities shifted in opposite ways for men and women. Men decreased paid work and increased housework, repairs and yardwork, shopping, and child-care, while women increased paid work and decreased housework. In sum, the age structure of activities has persisted in the midst of new social opportunities; gender roles have proven more malleable than age roles.

[1]  D. Rintala,et al.  Functional assessment in a community setting. , 1994, Topics in stroke rehabilitation.

[2]  R A Weber,et al.  A human factors analysis of ADL activities: a capability-demand approach. , 1993, Journal of gerontology.

[3]  F. Stafford,et al.  The Allocation of Time: Empirical Findings, Behavioral Models, and Problems of Measurement , 1991 .

[4]  Karen Altergott.  Age, gender and daily life: An analysis of social involvements , 1990 .

[5]  M. C. Clark,et al.  Older Adults and Daily Living Task Profiles , 1990, Human factors.

[6]  J. Fozard,et al.  Age changes in pure-tone hearing thresholds in a longitudinal study of normal human aging. , 1990, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[7]  H. Wahl,et al.  The daily life of elderly Germans: activity patterns, personal control, and functional health. , 1990, Journal of gerontology.

[8]  E. Metter,et al.  Next steps in describing aging and disease in longitudinal studies. , 1990, Journal of gerontology.

[9]  John P. Robinson,et al.  The Rhythm of Everyday Life: How Soviet and American Citizens Use Time. , 1990 .

[10]  J. Morgan,et al.  Age differences in productive activities. , 1989, Journal of gerontology.

[11]  S. Mclaughlin,et al.  Recent changes in mortality and labor force behavior among older Americans: consequences for nonworking life expectancy. , 1988, Journal of gerontology.

[12]  Karen Altergott.  Daily Life in Later Life: Comparative Perspectives , 1988 .

[13]  M. Baltes.  The etiology and maintenance of dependency in the elderly: Three phases of operant research , 1988 .

[14]  J. Tobin,et al.  Fiber intake, age, and other coronary risk factors in men of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study (1959-1975). , 1988, Journal of gerontology.

[15]  M. W. Riley,et al.  Social structures & human lives , 1988 .

[16]  J. Rowe,et al.  Human aging: usual and successful. , 1987, Science.

[17]  M. W. Riley,et al.  On the Significance of Age in Sociology , 1987 .

[18]  M P Lawton,et al.  Objective and Subjective Uses of Time by Older People , 1987, International journal of aging & human development.

[19]  James L. Fozard,et al.  Age related changes in visual acuity , 1986, Experimental Gerontology.

[20]  I. Rossman,et al.  Normal Human Aging: The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging , 1986 .

[21]  W. R. Morgan,et al.  Retirement Among American Men , 1985 .

[22]  S. Sudman,et al.  Time, Goods, and Well-Being , 1985 .

[23]  M. Lawton.  Activities and Leisure , 1985, Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics.

[24]  Lawton Mp.  Activities and leisure. , 1985 .

[25]  David Arenberg,et al.  Normal Human Aging: The Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging , 1984 .

[26]  V. Little.  An Overview of Research using the Time-budget Methodology to study Age-related Behaviour , 1984, Ageing and Society.

[27]  E. Palmore,et al.  Social patterns in normal aging : findings from the Duke longitudinal study , 1983 .

[28]  M P Lawton,et al.  Time budgets of older people:" a window on four lifestyles. , 1982, Journal of gerontology.

[29]  R. Bossé,et al.  Change in self-perception of leisure activities with retirement. , 1981, The Gerontologist.

[30]  Dagfinn Ås,et al.  Studies of Time-Use: Problems and Prospects , 1978 .

[31]  Dagfinn Ås,et al.  Studies of Time-Use: Problems and Prospects: , 1978 .

[32]  M. W. Riley.  Aging, social change, and the power of ideas. , 1978, Daedalus.

[33]  R. Schmitz-Scherzer.  X. Longitudinal Change in Leisure Behavior of the Elderly , 1976 .

[34]  F. Chapin.  Human activity patterns in the city , 1974 .

[35]  Sándor Szalai,et al.  The use of time , 1972 .

[36]  A. H. Norris,et al.  Nutrient intakes and energy expenditure in men of different ages. , 1966, Journal of gerontology.

[37]  R. Kleemeier.  Aging and leisure , 1961 .

[38]  M. H. Neumeyer,et al.  Leisure and Recreation , 1958 .

[39]  Hadley Cantril,et al.  The social psychology of everyday life. , 1934 .