Effects of annealing temperature on the H2-sensing properties of Pd-decorated WO3 nanorods

The temperature of the post-annealing treatment carried out after noble metal deposition onto semiconducting metal oxides (SMOs) must be carefully optimized to maximize the sensing performance of the metal-decorated SMO sensors. WO3 nanorods were synthesized by thermal evaporation of WO3 powders and decorated with Pd nanoparticles using a sol–gel method, followed by an annealing process. The effects of the annealing temperature on the hydrogen gas-sensing properties of the Pd-decorated WO3 nanorods were then examined; the optimal annealing temperature, leading to the highest response of the WO3 nanorod sensor to H2, was determined to be 600 °C. Post-annealing at 600 °C resulted in nanorods with the highest surface area-to-volume ratio, as well as in the optimal size and the largest number of deposited Pd nanoparticles, leading to the highest response and the shortest response/recovery times toward H2. The improved H2-sensing performance of the Pd-decorated WO3 nanorod sensor, compared to a sensor based on pristine WO3 nanorods, is attributed to the enhanced catalytic activity, increased surface area-to-volume ratio, and higher amounts of surface defects.

[1]  T. Seong,et al.  Facile control of C₂H₅OH sensing characteristics by decorating discrete Ag nanoclusters on SnO₂ nanowire networks. , 2011, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[2]  Adisorn Tuantranont,et al.  Ultrasensitive NO2 Sensor Based on Ohmic Metal-Semiconductor Interfaces of Electrolytically Exfoliated Graphene/Flame-Spray-Made SnO2 Nanoparticles Composite Operating at Low Temperatures. , 2015, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[3]  Chengying Tang,et al.  Doping composite of polyaniline and reduced graphene oxide with palladium nanoparticles for room-temperature hydrogen-gas sensing , 2016 .

[4]  Sunghoon Park,et al.  Preparation of one dimensional Bi2O3-core/ZnO-shell structures by thermal evaporation and atomic layer deposition , 2009 .

[5]  G. Devi,et al.  Sol-Gel Derived ZnO: Nb2O5 Nanocomposite as Selective Hydrogen (H2) Gas Sensor☆ , 2016 .

[6]  N. Jaggi,et al.  Room temperature hydrogen gas sensing properties of Pt sputtered F-MWCNTs/SnO2 network , 2015 .

[7]  Pengcheng Xu,et al.  Decoration of ZnO nanowires with Pt nanoparticles and their improved gas sensing and photocatalytic performance , 2010, Nanotechnology.

[8]  Jun Zhang,et al.  Synthesis of Pt nanoparticles functionalized WO3 nanorods and their gas sensing properties , 2011 .

[9]  Soo-Hyun Kim,et al.  Acetone sensing of Au and Pd-decorated WO3 nanorod sensors , 2015 .

[10]  Kyuwon Kim,et al.  Room-temperature semiconductor gas sensor based on nonstoichiometric tungsten oxide nanorod film , 2005 .

[11]  Klaus Müllen,et al.  Fast response and recovery of hydrogen sensing in Pd–Pt nanoparticle–graphene composite layers , 2011, Nanotechnology.

[12]  Dong Xiang,et al.  Metal Oxide Gas Sensors: Sensitivity and Influencing Factors , 2010, Sensors.

[13]  A. Nagy,et al.  High temperature partial oxidation reactions over silver catalysts , 1999 .

[14]  Jacek Rynkowski,et al.  The influence of catalytic activity on the response of Pt/SnO2 gas sensors to carbon monoxide and hydrogen , 2011 .

[15]  Jun Zhang,et al.  Amino acid-assisted one-pot assembly of Au, Pt nanoparticles onto one-dimensional ZnO microrods. , 2010, Nanoscale.

[16]  Dongzhi Zhang,et al.  Room temperature hydrogen gas sensor based on palladium decorated tin oxide/molybdenum disulfide ternary hybrid via hydrothermal route , 2017 .

[17]  Jun Zhang,et al.  3D hierarchically porous ZnO structures and their functionalization by Au nanoparticles for gas sensors , 2011 .

[18]  G. Sberveglieri,et al.  Copper oxide nanowires prepared by thermal oxidation for chemical sensing , 2011 .

[19]  Nicolae Barsan,et al.  Template-free synthesis and assembly of single-crystalline tungsten oxide nanowires and their gas-sensing properties. , 2005, Angewandte Chemie.

[20]  Hyoun-woo Kim,et al.  Amorphous gallium oxide nanowires synthesized by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition , 2004 .

[21]  Yongming Zhang,et al.  Au Nanoparticle Modified WO3 Nanorods with Their Enhanced Properties for Photocatalysis and Gas Sensing , 2010 .

[22]  Giorgio Sberveglieri,et al.  Fabrication and investigation of gas sensing properties of Nb-doped TiO2 nanotubular arrays , 2012, Nanotechnology.

[23]  Changhyun Jin,et al.  H2S gas sensing properties of bare and Pd-functionalized CuO nanorods , 2012 .

[24]  Y. Lim,et al.  Highly sensitive hydrogen gas sensor based on a suspended palladium/carbon nanowire fabricated via batch microfabrication processes , 2015 .

[25]  Nguyen Duc Hoa,et al.  Effective decoration of Pd nanoparticles on the surface of SnO2 nanowires for enhancement of CO gas-sensing performance. , 2014, Journal of hazardous materials.

[26]  Jun Zhang,et al.  Pt clusters supported on WO3 for ethanol detection , 2010 .

[27]  Nicola Donato,et al.  Room-temperature hydrogen sensing with heteronanostructures based on reduced graphene oxide and tin oxide. , 2012, Angewandte Chemie.

[28]  C. N. R. Rao,et al.  H2S sensors based on tungsten oxide nanostructures , 2008 .

[29]  Gwiy-Sang Chung,et al.  Characteristics of resistivity-type hydrogen sensing based on palladium-graphene nanocomposites , 2014 .

[30]  Nan Qin,et al.  The crystal facet-dependent gas sensing properties of ZnO nanosheets: Experimental and computational study , 2017 .

[31]  Landon Oakes,et al.  Toward the nanospring-based artificial olfactory system for trace-detection of flammable and explosive vapors , 2012 .

[32]  Yeongjin Lim,et al.  Self-heating hydrogen gas sensor based on an array of single suspended carbon nanowires functionalized with palladium nanoparticles , 2017 .

[33]  Gwiy-Sang Chung,et al.  Reliability of hydrogen sensing based on bimetallic Ni–Pd/graphene composites , 2014 .

[34]  Imre Miklós Szilágyi,et al.  Nanosize hexagonal tungsten oxide for gas sensing applications , 2008 .