Improved routing metrics for energy constrained interconnected devices in low-power and lossy networks

The routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL) is an internet protocol based routing protocol developed and standardized by IETF in 2012 to support a wide range of applications for low-power and lossy-networks (LLNs). In LLNs consisting of resource-constrained devices, the energy consumption of battery powered sensing devices during network operations can greatly impact network lifetime. In the case of inefficient route selection, the energy depletion from even a few nodes in the network can damage network integrity and reliability by creating holes in the network. In this paper, a composite energy-aware node metric (RERBDI ) is proposed for RPL; thismetric uses both the residual energy ratio (RER) of the nodes and their battery discharge index. This composite metric helps avoid overburdening power depleted network nodes during packet routing from the source towards the destination oriented directed acyclic graph root node. Additionally, an objective function is defined for RPL, which combines the node metric RERBDI and the expected transmission count (ETX) link quality metric; this helps to improve the overall network packet delivery ratio. The COOJA simulator is used to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme. The simulations show encouraging results for the proposed scheme in terms of network lifetime, packet delivery ratio and energy consumption, when compared to the most popular schemes for RPL like ETX, hop-count and RER.

[1]  Pascal Thubert,et al.  Objective Function Zero for the Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) , 2012, RFC.

[2]  Olivier Festor,et al.  Energy-based routing metric for RPL , 2013 .

[3]  Elnaz Rezaei,et al.  Energy Efficient RPL Routing Protocol in Smart Buildings , 2014 .

[4]  Dominique Barthel,et al.  Routing Metrics Used for Path Calculation in Low-Power and Lossy Networks , 2012, RFC.

[5]  Panagiotis Trakadas,et al.  Design Guidelines for Routing Metrics Composition in LLN , 2012 .

[6]  Maurizio Tomasella,et al.  Vision and Challenges for Realising the Internet of Things , 2010 .

[7]  Jaydip Sen,et al.  Internet of Things - Applications and Challenges in Technology and Standardization , 2011 .

[8]  Yaling Yang,et al.  Design Guidelines for Routing Metrics in Multihop Wireless Networks , 2008, IEEE INFOCOM 2008 - The 27th Conference on Computer Communications.

[9]  Philip Levis,et al.  RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks , 2012, RFC.

[10]  Artemis Moroni,et al.  Vision and Challenges for Realising the Internet of Things , 2010 .

[11]  Jean-Philippe Vasseur,et al.  A performance evaluation study of RPL: Routing Protocol for Low power and Lossy Networks , 2010, 2010 44th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS).

[12]  Imrich Chlamtac,et al.  Internet of things: Vision, applications and research challenges , 2012, Ad Hoc Networks.

[13]  Hazrat Ali.  A Performance Evaluation of RPL in Contiki A Cooja Simulation based study , 2012 .

[14]  Theodore B. Zahariadis,et al.  Evaluating routing metric composition approaches for QoS differentiation in low power and lossy networks , 2013, Wirel. Networks.

[15]  Jean-Philippe Vasseur,et al.  Interconnecting Smart Objects with IP: The Next Internet , 2010 .

[16]  Adam Dunkels,et al.  Cross-Level Sensor Network Simulation with COOJA , 2006, Proceedings. 2006 31st IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks.

[17]  Marco Conti,et al.  The role of the RPL routing protocol for smart grid communications , 2013, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[18]  João L. Sobrinho,et al.  Algebra and algorithms for QoS path computation and hop-by-hop routing in the Internet , 2001, Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM 2001. Conference on Computer Communications. Twentieth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Society (Cat. No.01CH37213).

[19]  Lida Xu,et al.  The internet of things: a survey , 2014, Information Systems Frontiers.