Global Overview of School Health Services: Data from 102 Countries

Objective : The objective of this paper was to produce a global inventory of school health services and describe characteristics such as target group, providers, staffing level, services, settings, and organizational challenges. Methods : The literature in PubMed and other sources were reviewed using an explicit methodology. Results : School health services exist in at least 102 countries. Usually services are provided within school premises (97 countries), by dedicated school health personnel (59 countries). Services are provided in 16 areas; the top 5 interventions include vaccinations, sexual and reproductive health education, vision screening, nutrition screening, and nutrition health education. Conclusions : Important areas such as mental health, injury and violence prevention may not be given sufficient consideration in routine service provision. We ad-vance several recommendations for research, policy, and practice.

[1]  Baltag,et al.  Global standards for quality health care services for adolescents. A guide to implement a standards-driven approach to improve the quality of health-care services for adolescents. Volume 2: Implementation guide. , 2015 .

[2]  B. Ferguson,et al.  Health for the world's adolescents: a second chance in the second decade. , 2015, The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine.

[3]  S. Riedel-Heller,et al.  School-based prevention programs for depression and anxiety in adolescence: a systematic review. , 2014, Health promotion international.

[4]  D. Olanrewaju,et al.  An evaluation of school health services in Sagamu, Nigeria. , 2014, Nigerian journal of clinical practice.

[5]  R. Viner,et al.  A systematic review of effective interventions for reducing multiple health risk behaviors in adolescence. , 2014, American journal of public health.

[6]  R. Viner,et al.  Next steps for adolescent health: a Lancet Commission , 2014, The Lancet.

[7]  V. Chandra-Mouli,et al.  Adolescent Pregnancy: Sexual and Reproductive Health , 2014 .

[8]  R. Araya,et al.  School intervention to improve mental health of students in Santiago, Chile: a randomized clinical trial. , 2013, JAMA pediatrics.

[9]  M. Levi,et al.  Organizational models of school health services in the WHO European Region. , 2013, Journal of health organization and management.

[10]  V. Patel,et al.  A systematic review of the effectiveness of mental health promotion interventions for young people in low and middle income countries , 2013, BMC Public Health.

[11]  Hye-Jung Shin.  The current status of the Korean student health examination , 2013, Korean journal of pediatrics.

[12]  V. Chandra-Mouli,et al.  WHO guidelines on preventing early pregnancy and poor reproductive outcomes among adolescents in developing countries. , 2013, The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine.

[13]  P. Åstedt‐Kurki,et al.  Family-school nurse partnership in primary school health care. , 2013, Scandinavian journal of caring sciences.

[14]  O. Ham,et al.  Perception and Needs in Health Education Curriculum Among School Nurses as Health Teachers in Korea , 2013, The Journal of school nursing : the official publication of the National Association of School Nurses.

[15]  M. Sendall,et al.  School based youth health nurses and a true health promotion approach: The Ottawa what? , 2013, Contemporary nurse.

[16]  Prang Priyatruk.  The State of Thailand's Population 2013 Motherhood in childhood facing the challenge of adolescent pregnancy , 2013 .

[17]  Georgina Cox,et al.  A systematic review of school-based interventions aimed at preventing, treating, and responding to suicide- related behavior in young people. , 2013, Crisis.

[18]  A. Tylee,et al.  The development and first use of the QUEST measures to evaluate school nurses' knowledge and skills for depression recognition and management. , 2013, The Journal of school health.

[19]  K. Sung.  Effects of a school-based intervention program for middle school adolescent girls with depression: as part of the school health services. , 2012, Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing.

[20]  Margie Clarke,et al.  Standardising school nursing practice: developing and implementing a care pathways package. , 2012, Community practitioner : the journal of the Community Practitioners' & Health Visitors' Association.

[21]  C. Hoven,et al.  Need for mental health services and service use among high school students in China. , 2012, Psychiatric services.

[22]  Christine Walker.  Importance of school nurses' role promoted by government initiative. , 2012, Nursing children and young people.

[23]  Jacqueline Ramke,et al.  Improving access to eye health services in rural Timor-Leste. , 2012, Rural and remote health.

[24]  S. Ameratunga,et al.  Association between availability and quality of health services in schools and reproductive health outcomes among students: a multilevel observational study. , 2012, American journal of public health.

[25]  S. Ameratunga,et al.  Access to private and confidential health care among secondary school students in New Zealand. , 2012, The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine.

[26]  H. Joulaei,et al.  First international conference on school health: October 19-20, 2011, Shiraz, Iran. , 2012, Archives of Iranian medicine.

[27]  N. Hawkes.  Too few school nurses to administer proposed flu vaccination programme, experts say , 2012, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[28]  J. Frohlich,et al.  HIV prevalence among high school learners - opportunities for school-based HIV testing programmes and sexual reproductive health services. , 2012, World health & population.

[29]  S. Kutcher,et al.  Mental health and the school environment: secondary schools, promotion and pathways to care , 2012, Current opinion in psychiatry.

[30]  G. Patton,et al.  The prevention access and risk taking in young people (PARTY) project protocol: A cluster randomised controlled trial of health risk screening and motivational interviewing for young people presenting to general practice , 2012, BMC Public Health.

[31]  N. Khanjani,et al.  Assessing health worker's duties from the viewpoint of principals and pupils concerning healthcare of students in the rural areas of Iran. , 2012, JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association.

[32]  M. Hayter,et al.  Developing and Establishing School-Based Sexual Health Services , 2012, The Journal of school nursing : the official publication of the National Association of School Nurses.

[33]  A. Tylee,et al.  School nurses' perspectives on managing mental health problems in children and young people. , 2012, Journal of clinical nursing.

[34]  M. C. Danovaro-Holliday,et al.  Vaccination Week in the Americas: An Opportunity to Integrate Other Health Services With Immunization , 2012, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[35]  L. Hutchinson,et al.  Creating connections: Strategies to improve adolescent boys’ access and engagement with school-based health services , 2012, Contemporary nurse.

[36]  N. Setko,et al.  [Organization of medical and psycho-educational services for first-grader's under condition of gymnasium education secondary education]. , 2012, Gigiena i sanitariia.

[37]  D. Santor,et al.  Maximizing the uptake and sustainability of school-based mental health programs: commercializing knowledge. , 2012, Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America.

[38]  E. Leontsini,et al.  [A school program for dengue control in Honduras: from knowledge to action]. , 2012, Revista panamericana de salud publica = Pan American journal of public health.

[39]  Regina Lee.  The role of school nurses in delivering accessible health services for primary and secondary school students in Hong Kong. , 2011, Journal of clinical nursing.

[40]  M. Clark,et al.  Health care system in Saudi Arabia: an overview. , 2011, Eastern Mediterranean health journal = La revue de sante de la Mediterranee orientale = al-Majallah al-sihhiyah li-sharq al-mutawassit.

[41]  H. Ngan,et al.  The effect of school-based cervical cancer education on perceptions towards human papillomavirus vaccination among Hong Kong Chinese adolescent girls. , 2011, Patient education and counseling.

[42]  M. Gottvall,et al.  Challenges and opportunities of a new HPV immunization program perceptions among Swedish school nurses. , 2011, Vaccine.

[43]  Ricardo Araya,et al.  School-based intervention to improve the mental health of low-income, secondary school students in Santiago, Chile (YPSA): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial , 2011, Trials.

[44]  C. Bridgman,et al.  Improving oral health among schoolchildren – which approach is best? , 2011, BDJ.

[45]  S. Buang,et al.  School scoliosis screening programme-a systematic review. , 2010, The Medical journal of Malaysia.

[46]  M. Blair,et al.  Reconceptualising health services for school-age children in the 21st century , 2010, Archives of Disease in Childhood.

[47]  S. Skinner,et al.  Voluntary school-based human papillomavirus vaccination: an efficient and acceptable model for achieving high vaccine coverage in adolescents. , 2010, The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine.

[48]  K. P. Phillips,et al.  Sexual and Reproductive Health Education: Contrasting Teachers’, Health Partners’ and Former Students’ Perspectives , 2010, Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique.

[49]  Jennifer E. Anderson,et al.  Connecting youth with health services: Systematic review. , 2010, Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien.

[50]  Samantha Blackburn,et al.  Different setting, different care: integrating prevention and clinical care in school-based health centers. , 2010, American journal of public health.

[51]  Helen Christensen,et al.  Systematic review of school-based prevention and early intervention programs for depression. , 2010, Journal of adolescence.

[52]  M Stevenson,et al.  School-linked sexual health services for young people (SSHYP): a survey and systematic review concerning current models, effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and research opportunities. , 2010, Health technology assessment.

[53]  D. Jourdan,et al.  School health promotion: organization of services and roles of health professionals in seven European countries. , 2010, European journal of public health.

[54]  M. Sembène,et al.  [Conceptual framework for integrating reproductive health in school: experience in Senegal]. , 2010, Journal de gynecologie, obstetrique et biologie de la reproduction.

[55]  Catherine P. Bradshaw,et al.  INTEGRATED MODELS OF SCHOOL-BASED PREVENTION: LOGIC AND THEORY. , 2010, Psychology in the schools.

[56]  P. Simkhada,et al.  Opportunities and challenges in school-based sex and sexual health education in Nepal. , 2010, Kathmandu University medical journal.

[57]  L. Dellve,et al.  The perceived perceptions of head school nurses in developing school nursing roles within schools. , 2009, Journal of nursing management.

[58]  M. Watson,et al.  Challenges, lessons learned and results following the implementation of a human papilloma virus school vaccination program in South Australia , 2009, Australian and New Zealand journal of public health.

[59]  C. Powell,et al.  Vision screening for amblyopia in childhood. , 2009, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[60]  P. Newacheck,et al.  Preventive Care for Adolescents: Few Get Visits and Fewer Get Services , 2009, Pediatrics.

[61]  C. Gleeson.  School nurses' workloads: how should they be prioritised? , 2009, Community practitioner : the journal of the Community Practitioners' & Health Visitors' Association.

[62]  L. Baur,et al.  A systematic review of school‐based intervention studies for the prevention or reduction of excess weight among Chinese children and adolescents , 2008, Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity.

[63]  Mandy A. Allison,et al.  The Role of the School Nurse in Providing School Health Services , 2008, The Journal of school nursing : the official publication of the National Association of School Nurses.

[64]  Eva K. Clausson,et al.  Schoolchildren's health as judged by Swedish school nurses — a national survey , 2008, Scandinavian journal of public health.

[65]  Christina Bougatsos,et al.  Universal Newborn Hearing Screening: Systematic Review to Update the 2001 US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation , 2008, Pediatrics.

[66]  C. Aldinger,et al.  Strategies to address mental health through schools with examples from China , 2008, International review of psychiatry.

[67]  Jeremy M Brown,et al.  Modernizing the school health workforce. Staff perceptions of a rapid roll-out redesign programme. , 2007, Journal of nursing management.

[68]  R. Morris,et al.  Aggressive strategic planning for oral health in Kuwait: a decade of post-war successes. , 2008, Eastern Mediterranean health journal = La revue de sante de la Mediterranee orientale = al-Majallah al-sihhiyah li-sharq al-mutawassit.

[69]  D. Stephens,et al.  Acceptability, benefit and costs of early screening for hearing disability: a study of potential screening tests and models. , 2007, Health technology assessment.

[70]  Anne M. Williams,et al.  A survey of school nursing provision in the UK. , 2007, Journal of advanced nursing.

[71]  E. Ovuga,et al.  Primary school children's perspectives on common diseases and medicines used: implications for school healthcare programmes and priority setting in Uganda. , 2007, African health sciences.

[72]  C. Chiong,et al.  Training of nurses in ear examination and hearing screening in the school setting. , 2023, The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health.

[73]  E. Svavarsdóttir,et al.  Health-related quality of life in Icelandic school children. , 2006, Scandinavian journal of caring sciences.

[74]  F. Guerrier-Sagnes,et al.  [Planning and assessing the activity of a school health service based on health and social indicators: the experience of Villeurbanne]. , 2006, Sante publique.

[75]  B. Richardson-Todd.  Providing a sexual health service for young people in the school setting. , 2006, Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987).

[76]  B. Richardson-Todd.  Sexual health services in school: a project in a multi-agency drop-in. , 2006, The journal of family health care.

[77]  C. Powell,et al.  Screening for correctable visual acuity deficits in school-age children and adolescents. , 2005, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[78]  James Jaccard,et al.  Prevention programs for reducing adolescent problem behaviors: Implications of the co-occurrence of problem behaviors in adolescence. , 2005, The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine.

[79]  A. Ben Abdelaziz,et al.  [Adolescents' expectations with regard to school health services in Sfax, Tunisia]. , 2004, Sante publique.

[80]  S. Sutton,et al.  Reshaping a school health nursing service. , 2004, Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987).

[81]  E. Maticka-Tyndale,et al.  School-based HIV prevention programmes for African youth. , 2004, Social science & medicine.

[82]  J.Q. Chen,et al.  HIV/AIDS Prevention : Knowledge, Attitudes and Education Practices of Secondary School Health Personnel in 14 Cities of China , 2004, Asia-Pacific journal of public health.

[83]  A. Deccache,et al.  [Assessing adolescent's health in school medicine: quality of life as a complement to clinical indicators]. , 2004, Archives de pediatrie : organe officiel de la Societe francaise de pediatrie.

[84]  W. Lees.  'The State of the World's Children' , 1985 .