Human Herpesvirus-6 and Epstein–Barr Virus Infections at Different Histopathological Grades of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and viral load of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) in different histopathologic grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods: Forty-five formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue section of OSCC patients were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for detection of EBV and HHV-6. Results: The mean age of the patients was 58.6 years, 69% of whom were female, and 31% were male. Overall, the positive rate for EBV and HHV-6 were 16.7% and 27.1%, respectively; and the mean viral load EBV was 27.9 × 103 and 38.5 × 103 for HHV-6. No correlation was demonstrated between the viral load of EBV DNA (P = 0.35) and HHV-6 (P = 0.38) at the different OSCC histopathologic grades. Conclusions: These findings neither lend support to the hypothesis that EBV and HHV-6 are directly involved in OSCC nor rule out the possibility that these viruses play an indirect role in carcinogenesis in this area.

[1]  S. Tsao,et al.  The biology of EBV infection in human epithelial cells. , 2012, Seminars in cancer biology.

[2]  Mugdha P. Mankar,et al.  Involvement of viral factors with head and neck cancers. , 2012, Oral oncology.

[3]  Xi Chen,et al.  Inhibitory Role of Baicalin on Human Herpes Virus Type 6 in Vitro , 2012 .

[4]  Shou-Jiang Gao,et al.  Viruses and human cancer: from detection to causality. , 2011, Cancer letters.

[5]  E. Robertson,et al.  Tumor viruses and cancer biology: Modulating signaling pathways for therapeutic intervention , 2010, Cancer biology & therapy.

[6]  F. Falaki,et al.  THE ROLE OF VIRUSES IN ORAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA IN YOUNG PATIENTS IN KHORASAN (NORTHEAST OF IRAN) , 2010 .

[7]  S. Sharif,et al.  Epidemiology of Herpes Human Virus 6 and Epstein-Bar Virus Infections in Salivary Gland Neoplasms in Isfahan, Iran , 2010 .

[8]  Hsueh-Wei Chang,et al.  Detection of EBV Infection and Gene Expression in Oral Cancer from Patients in Taiwan by Microarray Analysis , 2009, Journal of biomedicine & biotechnology.

[9]  L. Gergely,et al.  Epstein-Barr virus prevalence in oral squamous cell cancer and in potentially malignant oral disorders in an eastern Hungarian population. , 2009, European journal of oral sciences.

[10]  R. Pfeiffer,et al.  Meta-analysis shows that prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus-positive gastric cancer differs based on sex and anatomic location. , 2009, Gastroenterology.

[11]  A. Shamaa,et al.  The significance of Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) & DNA Topoisomerase II alpha (DNA-Topo II alpha) immunoreactivity in normal oral mucosa, Oral Epithelial Dysplasia (OED) and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) , 2008, Diagnostic pathology.

[12]  S. Paydaş,et al.  Prognostic significance of EBV-LMP1 and VEGF-A expressions in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. , 2008, Leukemia research.

[13]  S. Straus,et al.  Phosphorylation of U24 from Human Herpes Virus type 6 (HHV‐6) and its potential role in mimicking myelin basic protein (MBP) in multiple sclerosis , 2008, FEBS letters.

[14]  N. Flomenberg,et al.  In vitro methods for generating highly purified EBV associated tumor antigen-specific T cells by using solid phase T cell selection system for immunotherapy. , 2007, Journal of immunological methods.

[15]  R. Hamoudi,et al.  Angioimmunoblastic T‐cell lymphoma: histological progression associates with EBV and HHV6B viral load , 2007, British journal of haematology.

[16]  H. Murtomaa,et al.  Malignant Oral Tumors in Iran: Ten-Year Analysis on Patient and Tumor Characteristics of 1042 Patients in Tehran , 2006, The Journal of craniofacial surgery.

[17]  R. Orbak,et al.  Poor oral hygiene and dental trauma as the precipitating factors of squamous cell carcinoma , 2005 .

[18]  L. Ward,et al.  Human herpesvirus type 6 and type 1 infection increases susceptibility to nonmelanoma skin tumors. , 2005, Cancer letters.

[19]  A. Guimarães,et al.  Polymerase chain reaction for identification of herpes simplex virus (HSV-1), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and human herpes virus-type 6 (HHV-6) in oral swabs. , 2005, Microbiological research.

[20]  H. Christiansen,et al.  Presence of human papillomavirus-18 and Epstein-Barr virus in a squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in a 20-year-old patient. Case report and review of the current literature. , 2004, Cancer radiotherapie : journal de la Societe francaise de radiotherapie oncologique.

[21]  Zhikai Xu,et al.  [Relationship between human herpesvirus 6 infection and oral squamous cell carcinoma]. , 2003, Zhonghua shi yan he lin chuang bing du xue za zhi = Zhonghua shiyan he linchuang bingduxue zazhi = Chinese journal of experimental and clinical virology.

[22]  J. Califano,et al.  The molecular biology of mucosal field cancerization of the head and neck. , 2003, Critical reviews in oral biology and medicine : an official publication of the American Association of Oral Biologists.

[23]  T. Sasagawa,et al.  Association of Epstein-Barr virus with oral cancers. , 2002, Human pathology.

[24]  J. Hirsch,et al.  Prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus in oral squamous cell carcinoma, oral lichen planus, and normal oral mucosa. , 2002, Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics.

[25]  M. Gonzalez-Moles,et al.  Epstein‐Barr Virus Latent Membrane Protein‐1 (LMP‐1) Expression in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma , 2002, The Laryngoscope.

[26]  S. Dewhurst,et al.  Human herpesvirus 6. , 2020, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[27]  C. Meijer,et al.  No direct role for Epstein‐Barr virus in oral carcinogenesis: A study at the DNA, RNA and protein levels , 2000, International journal of cancer.

[28]  H. Hiratsuka,et al.  Comparative study of oral squamous cell carcinoma in Okinawa, Southern Japan and Sapporo in Hokkaido, Northern Japan; with special reference to human papillomavirus and Epstein-Barr virus infection. , 2000, Journal of oral pathology & medicine : official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology.

[29]  K. Matsuo,et al.  Prevalence of Epstein–Barr virus in oral squamous cell carcinoma , 1999, The Journal of pathology.

[30]  M. Moyer,et al.  Evaluation of the effect of smokeless tobacco purified products and extracts on latent Epstein-Barr virus. , 1999, Toxicology.

[31]  水柿雄三.  Detection of Epstein-Barr Virus in Oral Papilloma(口腔乳頭腫からのエプスタインバーウイルスの検出) , 1999 .

[32]  D. Saranath,et al.  Epstein-Barr virus in tobacco-induced oral cancers and oral lesions in patients from India. , 2007, Journal of oral pathology & medicine : official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology.

[33]  R. Marasca,et al.  Expression of human herpesvirus-6 antigens in benign and malignant lymphoproliferative diseases. , 1998, The American journal of pathology.

[34]  S. Furukawa,et al.  Epstein-Barr virus infection and response to radiotherapy in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. , 1998, Cancer letters.

[35]  A. Chandrashekran,et al.  Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) DNA and virus-encoded antigen in oral lesions. , 1997, Journal of oral pathology & medicine : official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology.

[36]  W. Neville,et al.  Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology , 2004 .

[37]  D. Vasudevan,et al.  Frequent detection of human herpesvirus 6 in oral carcinoma. , 1994, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[38]  M. T. Caserta,et al.  Human Herpesvirus 6 , 2001 .