Tourism in the Mundo Maya: Inventions and (Mis)Representations of Maya Identities and Heritage

In this paper we explore how Maya identities have been (mis)represented in the context of heritage tourism across the Mundo Maya and underscore the cultural heterogeneity and historical diversity of Maya speaking people. Our focus is the Yucatán peninsula, where we look at terms used to define social categories and ethnic groups through time. We then examine how tourism can affect notions of self-identify and self-ascription, by presenting our first-hand experience as archaeologists dealing with issues of Maya identity and heritage claims in the context of archaeological tourism development at the sites of Chunchucmil and Yaxuna, Yucatán. We propose the use of a ‘relational approach’ to identify formation processes in contrast to the more common genealogical approach. In addition, we believe that with the help of applied anthropologists archaeologists can be advocates for local communities and mediators among multiple stakeholders in situations where these communities are poised to benefit from tourism.RésuméDans cet article nous explorons comment les identités mayas ont été (mal) interprétées dans le contexte du patrimoine touristique, à travers le monde maya, et nous soulignons l’hétérogénéité culturelle ainsi que la diversité historique des gens qui parle les langues mayas. Nous nous intéressons particulièrement à la péninsule du Yucatán, où nous examinons la terminologie utilisée pour définir les catégories sociales et les groupes ethniques à travers le temps. Nous examinons ensuite comment le tourisme a affecté les notions identitaires et l’image qu’ils ont d’eux-mêmes, en présentant notre expérience de première main comme archéologues interagissant avec les questions de l’identité maya et des revendications du patrimoine dans le contexte du développement touristique aux sites de Chunchucmil et de Yaxuna au Yucatán. Nous proposons une ‘approche relationelle’ pour comprendre les procesus de la formation de l’identité en contraste de l’approche plus commune de la généalogie. En outre, nous croyons qu’avec l’aide des anthropologues appliqués, les archéologues peuvent être des défenseurs des communautés locales et des médiateurs, en ce qui concerne les enjeux multiples impliquant des situations où ces communautés ont la possibilité de tirer bénéfice du tourisme.ResumenEn esta artículo exploramos la manera en la cual las identidades mayas han sido (mal)interpretadas en el contexto del turismo en sitios de patrimonio cultural a través del Mundo Maya y enfatizamos la heterogeneidad cultural y la diversidad histórica de los pueblos que hablan Maya. Estamos interesados en particular en la península de Yucatán, donde investigamos los términos usados para definir categorías sociales y grupos étnicos a través del tiempo. Luego examinamos como el turismo afecta las nociones de identidad propia y adscripción propia, presentando nuestra experiencia de primera mano como arqueólogos que tratan asuntos de identidad Maya y reclamos de patrimonio en el contexto del desarrollo de turismo arqueológico en los sitios de Chunchucmil y Yaxuna, Yucatán. Proponemos el uso del ‘enfoque relacional’ para los procesos de formación de identidad en contraste con el mas comúnmente usado enfoque genealógico. Además, creemos que los arqueólogos/as con la asistencia de los/las antropólogos/as aplicados/as pueden ser los defensores de las comunidades locales y mediadores entre múltiples interesados en situaciones en las que esas comunidades tienen que poner en la balanza los beneficios del turismo.

[1]  E. Redmond Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians , 1983 .

[2]  Wilbur E. Garrett La ruta Maya , 1989 .

[3]  J. Reixach,et al.  George A. Collier with Elizabeth Lowerry Quaratiello. Basta! Land and the Zapatista rebellion in Chiapas, The Institute for Food an Development Policy, Oakland, 1994 , 1997 .

[4]  R. Redfield,et al.  Chan Kom a Maya Village , 1934 .

[5]  Adolf W. Ehrentraut Maya Ruins, Cultural Tourism and the Contested Symbolism of Collective Identities , 2021, Culture.

[6]  K. Warren Indigenous Movements and Their Critics: Pan-Maya Activism in Guatemala , 2001 .

[7]  R. Brown,et al.  Maya cultural activism in Guatemala , 1996 .

[8]  Demetrio Cojtí Cuxil La configuración del pensamiento político del pueblo maya , 1991 .

[9]  D. Brown Mayas and Tourists in the Maya World , 1999 .

[10]  C. Walker Archaeological Tourism: Looking for Answers along Mexico's Maya Riviera , 2008 .

[11]  E. Fischer Cultural Logic and Maya Identity , 1999, Current Anthropology.

[12]  A. Juárez Ongoing Struggles: Mayas and Immigrants in Tourist Era Tulum , 2002 .

[13]  Avexnim Cojti Ren Maya archaeology and the political and cultural identity of contemporary Maya in Guatemala , 2006 .

[14]  P. Hervik Mayan culture: Beyond boundaries , 1992 .

[15]  P. V. D. Berghe,et al.  Marketing mayas: Ethnic tourism promotion in Mexico , 1995 .

[16]  Henry Cleere The concept of ‘outstanding universal value’ in the World Heritage Convention , 1996 .

[17]  Traci Ardren Conversations about the production of archaeological knowledge and community museums at Chunchucmil and Kochol, Yucatán, México , 2002 .

[18]  Q. Castañeda In the Museum of Maya Culture: Touring Chichen Itza , 1996 .

[19]  T. Ingold The perception of the environment : essays on livelihood, dwelling and skill , 2000 .

[20]  C. S. Schreiner,et al.  Time and the Other , 1987 .

[21]  P. Erikson "So My Children Can Stay in the Pueblo": Indigenous Community Museums and Self‐determination in Oaxaca, Mexico , 1996 .

[22]  Lisa C. Breglia Monumental Ambivalence: the Politics of Heritage , 2008 .

[23]  W. Gabbert Of Friends and Foes: The Caste War and Ethnicity in Yucatan , 2004 .

[24]  L. Medina Commoditizing culture - tourism and Maya identity , 2003 .

[25]  Philip L. Kohl,et al.  NATIONALISM AND ARCHAEOLOGY: On the Constructions of Nations and the Reconstructions of the Remote Past , 1998 .

[26]  L. Tooman,et al.  Tourism and Development , 1997 .

[27]  M. Herzfeld A Place in History: Social and Monumental Time in a Cretan Town , 1991 .

[28]  Lisa C. Breglia Docile descendants and illegitimate heirs : privatization of cultural patrimony in México , 2003 .

[29]  M. Clancy Mexican Tourism: Export Growth and Structural Change since 1970 , 2001, Latin American Research Review.

[30]  J. Fabian Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Object , 1983 .

[31]  R. Torres,et al.  Gringolandia: The Construction of a New Tourist Space in Mexico , 2005 .

[32]  M. Clancy Tourism and DEVELOPMENTEvidence from Mexico , 1999 .

[33]  P. Hervik The Mysterious Maya of National Geographic , 1998 .

[34]  Victor D. Montejo 4. The Multiplicity of Mayan Voices:Mayan Leadership and the Politics of Self-Representation , 2003, Indigenous Movements, Self-Representation, and the State in Latin America.

[35]  K. A. Pyburn Consuming the Maya , 1998 .

[36]  M. Stabler,et al.  Government - industry - community interaction in tourism development in Mexico. , 1991 .

[37]  Alicia Re Cruz The Thousand And One Faces Of Cancun , 1996 .

[38]  A. Ugalde,et al.  Maya Society Under Colonial Rule: The Collective Enterprise of Survival. , 1984 .

[39]  Jeffrey H. Cohen The Shan-Dany Museum: Community, economics, and cultural traditions in a rural Mexican village , 2001 .

[40]  Q. Castañeda “We Are Not Indigenous!”: An Introduction to the Maya Identity of Yucatan , 2004 .

[41]  Michael Herzfeld,et al.  A Place in History: Social and Monumental Time in a Cretan Town , 1991 .

[42]  D. Dumond The Machete and the Cross: Campesino Rebellion in Yucatan , 1997 .

[43]  John M. Watanabe Unimagining the Maya: Anthropologists, others, and the inescapable hubris of authorship , 1995 .

[44]  W. Gabbert Social Categories, Ethnicity and the State in Yucatán, Mexico , 2001, Journal of Latin American Studies.

[45]  Lars Frühsorge Archaeological Heritage in Guatemala: Indigenous Perspectives on the Ruins of Iximche’ , 2007 .

[46]  Gianna Moscardo,et al.  Mindful visitors: Heritage and tourism , 1996 .