ESH-ESC Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension

The following is a brief statement of the 2003 European Society of Hypertension (ESH)-European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension.The continuous relationship between the level of blood pressure and cardiovascular risk makes the definition of hypertension arbitrary. Since risk factors cluster in hypertensive individuals, risk stratification should be made and decision about the management should not be based on blood pressure alone, but also according to the presence or absence of other risk factors, target organ damage, diabetes, and cardiovascular or renal damage, as well as on other aspects of the patient’s personal, medical and social situation. Blood pressure values measured in the doctor’s office or the clinic should commonly be used as reference. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring may have clinical value, when considerable variability of office blood pressure is found over the same or different visits, high office blood pressure is measured in subjects otherwise at low global cardiovascular risk, there is marked discrepancy between blood pressure values measured in the office and at home, resistance to drug treatment is suspected, or research is involved. Secondary hypertension should always be investigated.The primary goal of treatment of patient with high blood pressure is to achieve the maximum reduction in long-term total risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This requires treatment of all the reversible factors identified, including smoking, dislipidemia, or diabetes, and the appropriate management of associated clinical conditions, as well as treatment of the raised blood pressure per se. On the basis of current evidence from trials, it can be recommended that blood pressure, both systolic and diastolic, be intensively lowered at least below 140/90 mmHg and to definitely lower values, if tolerated, in all hypertensive patients, and below 130/80 mmHg in diabetics.Lifestyle measures should be instituted whenever appropriate in all patients, including subjects with high normal blood pressure and patients who require drug treatment. The purpose is to lower blood pressure and to control other risk factors and clinical conditions present.In most, if not all, hypertensive patients, therapy should be started gradually, and target blood pressure achieved progressively through several weeks. To reach target blood pressure, it is likely that a large proportion of patients will require combination therapy with more than one agent. The main benefits of antihypertensive therapy are due to lowering of blood pressure per se. There is also evidence that specific drug classes may differ in some effect or in special groups of patients. The choice of drugs will be influenced by many factors, including previous experience of the patient with antihypertensive agents, cost of drugs, risk profile, presence or absence of target organ damage, clinical cardiovascular or renal disease or diabetes, patient’s preference.ZusammenfassungIm Folgenden wird eine kurze Übersicht über die Leitlinien 2003 der Europäischen Gesellschaft für Hypertonie (ESH) und der Europäischen Gesellschaft für Kardiologie (ESC) zur Behandlung der arteriellen Hypertonie gegeben.Der enge Zusammenhang zwischen dem Blutdruck und dem kardiovaskulären Risiko macht die Definition der Hypertonie schwierig. Da sich Risikofaktoren bei Hypertoniepatienten häufen, sollte eine Risikoanalyse durchgeführt werden, und die Entscheidung über die Behandlung sollte nicht nur vom Blutdruck allein abhängig gemacht werden, sondern auch von anderen Risikofaktoren, Zielorganschäden, Diabetes und kardiovaskulärem bzw. renalem Schaden sowie weiteren Aspekten des Patienten. Allgemein als Normwerte gelten Blutdruckwerte, welche in der Arztpraxis oder in der Klinik gemessen werden. Die ambulante Blutdrucküberwachung kann klinische Relevanz haben, wenn anlässlich einer oder verschiedener Konsultationen in der Arztpraxis gemessene Blutdruckwerte beträchtlich divergieren oder wenn hohe Blutdruckwerte bei Patienten mit ansonsten geringem globalem kardiovaskulärem Risiko gemessen werden. Stellt man eine eindeutige Diskrepanz zwischen den Blutdruckwerten fest, welche zu Hause oder in der Arztpraxis gemessen werden, kann eine Medikamentenresistenz vermutet werden. Sekundäre Hypertonieformen sollten immer genauer abgeklärt werden.Das primäre Ziel bei der Behandlung von Hypertoniepatienten ist die maximale Reduktion des Langzeitrisikos einer kardiovaskulären Gefäßerkrankung und der Gesamtsterblichkeit. Dies bedarf einer Behandlung aller identifizierbaren reversiblen Faktoren inklusive Rauchen, Dislipidämie und Diabetes sowie einer angemessenen Behandlung assoziierter klinischer Befunde und der Behandlung des erhöhten Blutdrucks per se. Auf der Basis der gegenwärtigen Evidenz sollten sowohl der systolische als auch diastolische Bluthochdruck drastisch gesenkt werden, und zwar bei Hypertonikern unter 140/90 mmHg, ggfs. sogar tiefer, wenn dies toleriert wird, und bei Diabetikern unter 130/80 mmHg.Der Lebensstil sollte nach Möglichkeit bei allen Patienten verbessert werden, einschließlich Patienten mit hochnormalem Blutdruck und Patienten, die eine medikamententöse Therapie benötigen. Ziel ist es, den Blutdruck zu senken sowie andere Risikofaktoren und sonstige klinische Befunde unter Kontrolle zu halten.Bei den meisten, wenn auch nicht allen Patienten mit Bluthochdruck sollte man die Therapie langsam beginnen und die Zielwerte kontinuierlich über mehrere Wochen anstreben. Um den Zielwert zu erreichen, benötigt ein großer Teil der Patienten eine Kombinationstherapie mit mehr als einem Wirkstoff. Die hauptsächlichen Vorteile der Antihypertensiva basieren auf der Blutdrucksenkung an sich. Es gibt klinische Indizien dafür, dass spezifische Medikamentengruppen in ihrer Wirkung oder bei speziellen Patientengruppen etwas variieren. Die Medikamentenwahl wird von vielen Faktoren beeinflusst, wie dem bisherigen Ansprechen des Patienten auf Antihypertensiva, Medikamentenkosten, Risikoprofil, möglichen Zielorganschäden, kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen, Nierenerkrankung, Diabetes oder speziellen Präferenzen des Patienten.

[1]  G. Mancia,et al.  Task force V: White-coat hypertension , 1999 .

[2]  Philip D. Harvey,et al.  Efficacy of atenolol and captopril in reducing risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 39 , 1998, BMJ.

[3]  B. Williams,et al.  Microalbuminuria in essential hypertension: redefining the threshold. , 2002, Journal of hypertension.

[4]  D. Levy,et al.  Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Heart Study. , 1990, The New England journal of medicine.

[5]  N. Poulter,et al.  Improved Hypertension Management and Control: Results From the Health Survey for England 1998 , 2001, Hypertension.

[6]  N. Reichek,et al.  Left Ventricular Hypertrophy: Relationship of Anatomic, Echocardiographic and Electrocardiographic Findings , 1981, Circulation.

[7]  S. Kjeldsen 2003 European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension , 2004, Heart Drug.

[8]  G. Parati,et al.  Lack of placebo effect on ambulatory blood pressure. , 1995, American journal of hypertension.

[9]  F. Magrini,et al.  High prevalence of cardiac and extracardiac target organ damage in refractory hypertension , 2001, Journal of hypertension.

[10]  G. Parati,et al.  Lack of alerting reactions to intermittent cuff inflations during noninvasive blood pressure monitoring. , 1985, Hypertension.

[11]  Giuseppe Mancia,et al.  Ambulatory Blood Pressure Is Superior to Clinic Blood Pressure in Predicting Treatment-Induced Regression of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy , 1997 .

[12]  Martin G. Larson,et al.  Does the Relation of Blood Pressure to Coronary Heart Disease Risk Change With Aging?: The Framingham Heart Study , 2001, Circulation.

[13]  J. Laragh,et al.  How common is white coat hypertension? , 1988, JAMA.

[14]  J F Toole,et al.  Presence and severity of cerebral white matter lesions and hypertension, its treatment, and its control. The ARIC Study. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. , 1996, Stroke.

[15]  S. Yusuf,et al.  Albuminuria and risk of cardiovascular events, death, and heart failure in diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. , 2001, JAMA.

[16]  D. Levy,et al.  Cardiovascular disease and mortality in a community-based cohort with mild renal insufficiency. , 1999, Kidney international.

[17]  G. Mancia,et al.  New year, new challenges. , 2003, Journal of hypertension.

[18]  A. Dominiczak,et al.  2007 Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension: The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) , 2007, European heart journal.

[19]  J. Blacher,et al.  Central Pulse Pressure and Mortality in End-Stage Renal Disease , 2002, Hypertension.

[20]  A. Zanchetti,et al.  Renal function and intensive lowering of blood pressure in hypertensive participants of the hypertension optimal treatment (HOT) study. , 2001, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN.

[21]  F. Magrini,et al.  Evaluation of target organ damage in arterial hypertension: which role for qualitative funduscopic examination? , 2001, Italian heart journal : official journal of the Italian Federation of Cardiology.

[22]  J. Gardin,et al.  Predictive value of systolic and diastolic function for incident congestive heart failure in the elderly: the cardiovascular health study. , 2001, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[23]  M. Schroll,et al.  Arterial hypertension, microalbuminuria, and risk of ischemic heart disease. , 2000, Hypertension.

[24]  K. Zarnke,et al.  A randomized study comparing a patient-directed hypertension management strategy with usual office-based care. , 1997, American journal of hypertension.

[25]  P. Ridker Clinical application of C-reactive protein for cardiovascular disease detection and prevention. , 2003, Circulation.

[26]  P. Sleight,et al.  The influence of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring on the design and interpretation of trials in hypertension , 1992, Journal of hypertension.

[27]  P. Choyke,et al.  Predictive value of preoperative tests in discriminating bilateral adrenal hyperplasia from an aldosterone-producing adrenal adenoma. , 2000, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[28]  G. Mancia,et al.  Ambulatory blood pressure normality: results from the PAMELA study , 1995, Journal of hypertension.

[29]  L. Ruilope,et al.  Clinical relevance of proteinuria and microalbuminuria. , 1993, Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension.

[30]  A. Zanchetti Antihypertensive therapy: how to evaluate the benefits. , 1997, The American journal of cardiology.

[31]  G Parati,et al.  Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring and Organ Damage , 2000, Hypertension.

[32]  R. Holman,et al.  Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. , 1998 .

[33]  F. Messerli,et al.  Serum uric acid in essential hypertension: an indicator of renal vascular involvement. , 1980, Annals of internal medicine.

[34]  G. Mancia,et al.  Role of echocardiography and carotid ultrasonography in stratifying risk in patients with essential hypertension: the Assessment of Prognostic Risk Observational Survey , 2002, Journal of hypertension.

[35]  G. Parati,et al.  Difference between clinic and daytime blood pressure is not a measure of the white coat effect. , 1998, Hypertension.

[36]  F. Magrini,et al.  Echocardiographic patterns of myocardial fibrosis in hypertensive patients: endomyocardial biopsy versus ultrasonic tissue characterization. , 1997, Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography.

[37]  D. Levy,et al.  Prognostic implications of baseline electrocardiographic features and their serial changes in subjects with left ventricular hypertrophy. , 1994, Circulation.

[38]  C. Mogensen,et al.  Microalbuminuria and hypertension with focus on type 1 and type 2 diabetes * , 2003, Journal of internal medicine.

[39]  R H Fagard,et al.  Prediction of cardiac structure and function by repeated clinic and ambulatory blood pressure. , 1997, Hypertension.

[40]  T. Ohkubo,et al.  Predictive power of screening blood pressure, ambulatory blood pressure and blood pressure measured at home for overall and cardiovascular mortality: a prospective observation in a cohort from Ohasama, northern Japan. , 1996, Blood pressure monitoring.

[41]  Gianfranco Parati,et al.  Predicting cardiovascular risk using conventional vs ambulatory blood pressure in older patients with systolic hypertension. , 1999 .

[42]  L. Nieman Diagnostic Tests for Cushing's Syndrome , 2002, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[43]  D. Orth Cushing's syndrome. , 1995, The New England journal of medicine.