Processes of metal transfer and wear

Abstract The direction of metal transfer in unlubricated sliding and its effect on wear and friction were studied with a variety of metals in a rider-flat apparatus. Four sliding processes were identified. (1) “Prow- (or wedge-) formation” is characterized by build up of work-hardened transfer solid on the rider which grows against the direction of sliding by continuous plastic shearing of the flat. Sliding is at the junction between prow and flat. At severe conditions most metals show this behavior, including Al, Bi, Cu, Be-Cu and Sn-Cu alloys, Au, Pb, Pd, Pt, Ag, and Ti. (2) In “wedge-flow formation”, observed with 50 50 Sn-Pb alloy, transfer also is from flat to rider, but growth of transfer solid now is in the direction of sliding, and is accompanied by softening of transfer metal. (3) “Rider-wear” occurs with progressive loss of metal from both rider and flat and is shown by Sb, Fe, Ni and Rh at severe conditions, by Cu and presumably other metals at mild conditions, and after prolonged sliding in the same track by metals that transfer initially with prow-formation. (4) “Sliding-seizure”, found with In, is characterized by displacement of rider metal in the direction of sliding without prow-formation, and subsequent gross seizure of the specimens after brief sliding. The necessary conditions for the various sliding mechanisms are described, together with their relationship to symmetry of wear, mechanisms of debris generation, debris size and shape, surface roughening, friction, and contact electrical resistance.

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