Generic dynamic wind turbine models for power system stability analysis: A comprehensive review

In recent years, international working groups, mainly from the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC), have made a major effort to develop generic —also known as simplified or standard— dynamic wind turbine models to be used for power system stability analysis. These models are required by power system operators to conduct the planning and operation activities of their networks since the use of detailed manufacturer models is not practical. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the work done in this field, based on the results obtained by IEC and WECC working groups in the course of their research, which have motivated the publication of the IEC 61400-27 in February 2015. The final published versions of the generic models developed according to the existing four wind turbine technology types are detailed, highlighting the subsequent changes made during the development phase. The main differences between IEC and WECC generic models are also analyzed. Not only is the final model structure presented but we also provide a complete description of the physical behavior of wind turbines facing power system stability problems. Results are thus of great interest to grid operators, software developers, wind farm owners and researchers focused on the integration of wind energy into power systems.

[1]  Qi Hui Liu,et al.  Research on IEC Type3 Wind Turbine Generator , 2014 .

[2]  J. MacDowell,et al.  Model Validation for Wind Turbine Generator Models , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[3]  R. Piwko,et al.  A whirl of activity , 2009, IEEE Power and Energy Magazine.

[4]  Toshiaki Murata,et al.  Comparative study on transient stability analysis of wind turbine generator system using different drive train models , 2007 .

[5]  Frede Blaabjerg,et al.  Implementation of Electrical Simulation Model for IEC Standard Type-3A Generator , 2013, 2013 European Modelling Symposium.

[6]  Pouyan Pourbeik,et al.  Progress in IEC 61400-27:Electrical simulation models for wind power generation , 2012 .

[7]  Antonio Vigueras-Rodríguez,et al.  Validation of a DFIG wind turbine model submitted to two-phase voltage dips following the Spanish grid code , 2013 .

[8]  Emilio Gómez-Lázaro,et al.  Influence of voltage dips on industrial equipment: Analysis and assessment , 2012 .

[9]  Poul Ejnar Sørensen,et al.  Dynamic wind turbine models in power system simulation tool DIgSILENT , 2000 .

[10]  A. Molina-Garcia,et al.  Assessment of DFIG simplified model parameters using field test data , 2012, 2012 IEEE Power Electronics and Machines in Wind Applications.

[11]  Haoran Zhao,et al.  Implementation and validation of IEC generic type 1A wind turbine generator model , 2015 .

[12]  Pouyan Pourbeik,et al.  Code Shift: Grid Specifications and Dynamic Wind Turbine Models , 2013, IEEE Power and Energy Magazine.

[13]  Sergio Martín-Martínez,et al.  Load influence on the response of AC-Contactors under power quality disturbances , 2014 .

[14]  Jorge A. Solsona,et al.  Sub-Synchronous Interaction Damping Control for DFIG Wind Turbines , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[15]  M. F. Allam.  Generalized state-estimation algorithm using network solvability , 1980 .

[16]  Olimpo Anaya-Lara,et al.  Dynamic models of wind farms for power system studies: status by IEA Wind R&D Annex 21 , 2004 .

[17]  Torbjörn Thiringer,et al.  Comparison of reduced-order dynamic models of induction machines , 2001 .

[18]  Emilio Gómez-Lázaro,et al.  Power quality surveys of photovoltaic power plants: characterisation and analysis of grid-code requirements , 2015 .

[19]  Ola Carlson,et al.  Validation of fixed speed wind turbine dynamic models with measured data , 2007 .

[20]  E. Gomez,et al.  Wind Turbine Modeling: Comparison of Advanced Tools for Transient Analysis , 2007, 2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting.

[21]  J. Senthil,et al.  Generic photovoltaic system models for WECC - A status report , 2015, 2015 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting.

[22]  A. Mullane,et al.  Wind Turbine Modelling for Power System Stability Analysis—A System Operator Perspective , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[23]  Chandrasekaran Subramanian,et al.  Grid Connected Doubly Fed Induction Generator Based Wind Turbine under LVRT , 2014 .

[24]  O. Gomis-Bellmunt,et al.  Modeling and Validation of DFIG 3-MW Wind Turbine Using Field Test Data of Balanced and Unbalanced Voltage Sags , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy.

[25]  Sergio Martín-Martínez,et al.  Simplified wind turbine models for wind energy integration into power systems , 2015 .

[26]  E. Muljadi,et al.  Generic models for simulation of wind power plants in bulk system planning studies , 2011, 2011 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting.

[27]  Jin-Woo Jung,et al.  Doubly-fed induction generator based wind turbines: A comprehensive review of fault ride-through strategies , 2015 .

[28]  P. Pourbeik,et al.  Generic stability models for type 3 & 4 wind turbine generators for WECC , 2013, 2013 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting.

[29]  Kim Høj Jensen,et al.  Modelling and Fault-Ride-Trough Tests of Siemens Wind Power 3.6 MW Variable-Speed Wind Turbines , 2007 .

[30]  Francisco Jimenez Buendia,et al.  Validation of a Mechanical Model for Fault Ride-Through: Application to a Gamesa G52 Commercial Wind Turbine , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[31]  Pouyan Pourbeik,et al.  NERC's integration of Variable Generation Task Force: Status report — Planning work group update , 2010, IEEE PES General Meeting.

[32]  M. García-Gracia,et al.  Modelling wind farms for grid disturbance studies , 2008 .

[33]  Yong Min,et al.  Transient Stability of Wind Turbine Adopting a Generic Model of DFIG and Singularity-Induced Instability of Generators/Units With Power–Electronic Interface , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[34]  Kay Hameyer,et al.  Crowbar System in Doubly Fed Induction Wind Generators , 2010 .

[35]  Anjan Bose,et al.  Stability Simulation Of Wind Turbine Systems , 1983, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems.

[36]  Haoran Zhao,et al.  Implementation of IEC Generic Model Type 1 Wind Turbine Generators using RTDS , 2012 .

[37]  I. Erlich,et al.  Modeling of Wind Turbines Based on Doubly-Fed Induction Generators for Power System Stability Studies , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[38]  Li. Lin,et al.  Comparison of pitch angle control models of wind farm for power system analysis , 2009, 2009 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting.

[39]  Antonio Vigueras-Rodríguez,et al.  Validation of a double fed induction generator wind turbine model and wind farm verification following the Spanish grid code , 2012 .

[40]  Haoran Zhao,et al.  Implementation of draft IEC Generic Model of Type 1 Wind Turbine Generator in PowerFactory and Simulink , 2013 .

[41]  Josep M. Guerrero,et al.  A comprehensive review of low-voltage-ride-through methods for fixed-speed wind power generators , 2016 .

[42]  Pouyan Pourbeik,et al.  Wind Plant Models in IEC 61400-27-2 and WECC - latest developments in international standards on wind turbine and wind plant modeling , 2015 .

[43]  Pouyan Pourbeik,et al.  Modular structure of wind turbine models in IEC 61400-27-1 , 2013, 2013 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting.

[44]  P. Pourbeik,et al.  Description and technical specifications for generic WTG models — A status report , 2011, 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition.

[45]  Alvaro Luna,et al.  Simplified Modeling of a DFIG for Transient Studies in Wind Power Applications , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[46]  Poul Ejnar Sørensen.  IEC 61400-27. Electrical simulation models for wind power generation , 2011 .

[47]  Thomas Ackermann,et al.  Wind Power in Power Systems , 2005 .

[48]  Niels Kjølstad Poulsen,et al.  Modelling and transient stability of large wind farms , 2003 .

[49]  M. A. Poller.  Doubly-fed induction machine models for stability assessment of wind farms , 2003, 2003 IEEE Bologna Power Tech Conference Proceedings,.

[50]  Mansour Mohseni,et al.  Review of international grid codes for wind power integration: Diversity, technology and a case for global standard , 2012 .

[51]  Hiroumi Saitoh,et al.  Pitch control for improving the low-voltage ride-through of wind farm , 2009, 2009 Transmission & Distribution Conference & Exposition: Asia and Pacific.

[52]  Nicholas W. Miller,et al.  Validation of a second generation Type 3 generic wind model , 2014, 2014 IEEE PES General Meeting | Conference & Exposition.

[53]  J. Sanchez-Gasca,et al.  Simplified wind turbine generator aerodynamic models for transient stability studies , 2006, 2006 IEEE PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition.

[54]  Emilio Gómez-Lázaro,et al.  Analysis of Wind Turbine Simulation Models: Assessment of Simplified versus Complete Methodologies: Preprint , 2015 .

[55]  I. Hiskens,et al.  Dynamics of Type-3 Wind Turbine Generator Models , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[56]  Istvan Erlich,et al.  Dynamic Behavior of DFIG-Based Wind Turbines during Grid Faults , 2007 .

[57]  N.W. Miller,et al.  Dynamic modeling of GE 1.5 and 3.6 MW wind turbine-generators for stability simulations , 2003, 2003 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37491).

[58]  Jens Fortmann,et al.  New Generic Model of DFG-Based Wind Turbines for RMS-Type Simulation , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[59]  D. Muthumuni,et al.  Models for Change , 2011, IEEE Power and Energy Magazine.

[60]  Vladislav Akhmatov,et al.  Siemens Wind Power Variable-Speed Full Scale Frequency Converter Wind Turbine Model for Balanced and Unbalanced Short-Circuit Faults , 2010 .

[61]  Luigi Dusonchet,et al.  Effects of electrical and mechanical parameters on the transient voltage stability of a fixed speed , 2011 .

[62]  Pouyan Pourbeik,et al.  Overview, status and outline of the new IEC 61400 -27 – Electrical simulation models for wind power generation , 2011 .

[63]  P. Kundur,et al.  Definition and classification of power system stability IEEE/CIGRE joint task force on stability terms and definitions , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[64]  Nirmal-Kumar C. Nair,et al.  Assessment of wind farm models from a transmission system operator perspective using field measurements , 2011 .

[65]  Antero Arkkio,et al.  Analysis of a 1.7 MVA Doubly Fed Wind-Power Induction Generator during Power Systems Disturbances Power Systems Disturbances , 2004 .

[66]  Ping-Kwan Keung,et al.  Generic models of wind turbines for power system stability studies , 2009 .

[67]  S. Nanou,et al.  Full-converter wind generator modelling for transient stability studies , 2011, 2011 IEEE Trondheim PowerTech.

[68]  Eduard Muljadi,et al.  Development and Validation of WECC Variable Speed Wind Turbine Dynamic Models for Grid Integration Studies , 2007 .

[69]  A.I. Estanqueiro,et al.  A Dynamic Wind Generation Model for Power Systems Studies , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[70]  Frede Blaabjerg,et al.  Review of Contemporary Wind Turbine Concepts and Their Market Penetration , 2004 .

[71]  Anca Daniela Hansen,et al.  Type IV Wind Turbine Model , 2014 .

[72]  E. Muljadi,et al.  Making connections [wind generation facilities] , 2005, IEEE Power and Energy Magazine.

[73]  Ming Cheng,et al.  Pitch angle control for variable speed wind turbines , 2008, 2008 Third International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies.

[74]  A. Molina-Garcia,et al.  Power quality survey of a photovoltaic power plant , 2013, 2013 IEEE 39th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC).