Using Energy Storage to Manage High Net Load Variability at Sub-Hourly Time-Scales

High net load variability, driven by high penetrations of wind and solar generation, will create challenges for system operators in the future, as installed wind generation capacities increase to unprecedented levels globally. Maintaining system reliability, particularly at shorter time-scales, leads to increased levels of conventional plant starts and ramping, and higher levels of wind curtailment, with sub-hourly unit commitment and economic dispatch required to capture the increased cycling burden. The role of energy storage in reducing operating costs and enhancing system flexibility is explored, with key storage plant characteristics for balancing at this time-scale identified and discussed in relation to existing and emerging grid-scale storage technologies. Unit dispatches for the additional storage plant with varying characteristics highlight the unsuitability of energy only markets in incen-tivizing suitable levels of flexibility for future systems with high net load variability.

[1]  Aidan Tuohy,et al.  Pumped storage in systems with very high wind penetration , 2011 .

[2]  O. Nilsson,et al.  Hydro unit start-up costs and their impact on the short term scheduling strategies of Swedish power producers , 1997 .

[3]  M. O'Malley,et al.  A new approach to quantify reserve demand in systems with significant installed wind capacity , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[4]  Qiaozhu Zhai,et al.  Subhourly unit commitment with feasible energy delivery constraints , 2012 .

[5]  M. Rothleder,et al.  Enhanced system reliability using flexible ramp constraint in CAISO market , 2012, 2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting.

[6]  Geothermal Energy.  Western Wind and Solar Integration Study , 2010 .

[7]  Hamidreza Zareipour,et al.  Energy storage for mitigating the variability of renewable electricity sources: An updated review , 2010 .

[8]  Mark O'Malley,et al.  Evolution of operating reserve determination in wind power integration studies , 2010, IEEE PES General Meeting.

[9]  Michael Milligan,et al.  Operating Reserves and Variable Generation , 2011 .

[10]  P. Denholm,et al.  Market and Policy Barriers to Deployment of Energy Storage , 2012 .

[11]  Tao Guo,et al.  Integration of renewable resources: Updated analysis of operational requirements and assessment of generation fleet capability under a 20% RPS requirement , 2010, IEEE PES General Meeting.

[12]  A. Arabali,et al.  Energy Storage Application for Performance Enhancement of Wind Integration , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[13]  Ronnie Belmans,et al.  Impact of wind power on sizing and allocation of reserve requirements , 2013 .

[14]  Sandia Report,et al.  Energy Storage for the Electricity Grid: Benefits and Market Potential Assessment Guide A Study for the DOE Energy Storage Systems Program , 2010 .

[15]  Dale T. Bradshaw,et al.  DOE/EPRI Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA , 2016 .

[16]  Brian Ó Gallachóir,et al.  The impact of sub-hourly modelling in power systems with significant levels of renewable generation , 2014 .

[17]  Lori Bird,et al.  Integrating Variable Renewable Energy in Electric Power Markets: Best Practices from International Experience, Summary for Policymakers , 2012 .

[18]  D. Lew,et al.  The Western Wind and Solar Integration Study Phase 2 , 2013 .

[19]  Ruiwei Jiang,et al.  Robust Unit Commitment With Wind Power and Pumped Storage Hydro , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[20]  Frieder Borggrefe,et al.  Balancing and Intraday Market Design: Options for Wind Integration , 2011 .

[21]  Damian Flynn,et al.  Pumped Hydro and Compressed Air Energy Storage at High Wind Penetrations , 2013 .

[22]  Mark O'Malley,et al.  The viability of balancing wind generation with large scale energy storage , 2010 .

[23]  Kara Clark,et al.  Western Wind and Solar Integration Study , 2011 .

[24]  Juan P. Ruiz,et al.  Stochastic unit commitment with sub-hourly dispatch constraints , 2013 .

[25]  Viktoria Neimane,et al.  Using Standard Deviation as a Measure of Increased Operational Reserve Requirement for Wind Power , 2008 .

[26]  Mohammad Shahidehpour,et al.  Enhancing the Dispatchability of Variable Wind Generation by Coordination With Pumped-Storage Hydro Units in Stochastic Power Systems , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[27]  N. Menemenlis,et al.  Methodologies to Determine Operating Reserves Due to Increased Wind Power , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy.

[28]  Nivad Navid,et al.  Market Solutions for Managing Ramp Flexibility With High Penetration of Renewable Resource , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy.

[29]  M. O'Malley,et al.  Unit Commitment for Systems With Significant Wind Penetration , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[30]  Han-I Su,et al.  Modeling and Analysis of the Role of Energy Storage for Renewable Integration: Power Balancing , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[31]  P. Denholm,et al.  Estimating the value of electricity storage in PJM: Arbitrage and some welfare effects , 2009 .

[32]  P. Denholm,et al.  Value of Energy Storage for Grid Applications , 2013 .

[33]  Xian He,et al.  Electricity storage : how to facilitate its deployment and operation in the EU , 2012 .

[34]  Bruce H. Krogh,et al.  Wind Integration in Power Systems: Operational Challenges and Possible Solutions , 2011, Proceedings of the IEEE.