Cognitive psychometrics: assessing storage and retrieval deficits in special populations with multinomial processing tree models.

This article demonstrates how multinomial processing tree models can be used as assessment tools to measure cognitive deficits in clinical populations. This is illustrated with a model developed by W. H. Batchelder and D. M. Riefer (1980) that separately measures storage and retrieval processes in memory. The validity of the model is tested in 2 experiments, which show that presentation rate affects the storage of items (Experiment 1) and part-list cuing hurts item retrieval (Experiment 2). Experiments 3 and 4 examine 2 clinical populations: schizophrenics and alcoholics with organic brain damage. The model reveals that each group exhibits deficits in storage and retrieval, with the retrieval deficits being stronger and occurring more consistently over trials. Also, the alcoholics with organic brain damage show no improvement in retrieval over trials, although their storage improves at the same rate as a control group.

[1]  T. Robbins,et al.  Disorders of Brain and Mind: Drug use and abuse , 2003 .

[2]  David M. Riefer,et al.  Multinomial Modeling and the Measurement of Cognitive Processes , 2001 .

[3]  J. Reiter.  Measuring cognitive processes underlying picture naming in Alzheimer's and cerebrovascular dementia: a general processing tree approach. , 2000 .

[4]  C. Izawa,et al.  Conjuring a Work from the Dream Time of Cognitive Psychology@@@On Human Memory: Evolution, Progress, and Reflections on the 30th Anniversary of the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model , 2000 .

[5]  A P Yonelinas,et al.  The contribution of recollection and familiarity to recognition and source-memory judgments: a formal dual-process model and an analysis of receiver operating characteristics. , 1999, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[6]  U. Bayen,et al.  Source monitoring deficits in patients with schizophrenia; a multinomial modelling analysis , 1999, Psychological Medicine.

[7]  N. Stanhope,et al.  Retrograde amnesia in patients with diencephalic,temporal lobe or frontal lesions , 1999, Neuropsychologia.

[8]  X Hu,et al.  GPT.EXE: A powerful tool for the visualization and analysis of general processing tree models , 1999, Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc.

[9]  David M. Riefer,et al.  Theoretical and empirical review of multinomial process tree modeling , 1999, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[10]  J. Raaijmakers,et al.  Part-list cuing revisited: Testing the sampling-bias hypothesis , 1999 .

[11]  R. Neufeld,et al.  Application of process models in assessment psychology: Potential assets and challenges. , 1998 .

[12]  W. Batchelder.  Multinomial processing tree models and psychological assessment. , 1998 .

[13]  R. Neufeld.  Introduction to the special section on process models in psychological assessment. , 1998 .

[14]  B. Fazio.  The effect of presentation rate on serial memory in young children with specific language impairment. , 1998, Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR.

[15]  L. Turkstra.  The effect of stimulus presentation rate on syntax test performance in brain-injured adolescents , 1998 .

[16]  R. Heinrichs,et al.  Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: a quantitative review of the evidence. , 1998, Neuropsychology.

[17]  L L Jacoby,et al.  Invariance in automatic influences of memory: toward a user's guide for the process-dissociation procedure. , 1998, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[18]  W. Batchelder,et al.  A multinomial modeling analysis of memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. , 1997, The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences.

[19]  J M Gorman,et al.  Mechanisms underlying memory impairment in schizophrenia , 1997, Psychological Medicine.

[20]  E. Stip.  Memory Impairment in Schizophrenia: Perspectives from Psychopathology and Pharmacotherapy , 1996, Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie.

[21]  T. Wallsten,et al.  Age differences in encoding and retrieving details of a pediatric examination , 1996, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[22]  U. Bayen,et al.  Aging and the use of perceptual and temporal information in source memory tasks. , 1996, Psychology and aging.

[23]  E. Warrington,et al.  Word comprehension. The distinction between refractory and storage impairments. , 1996, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[24]  S. Gronlund,et al.  Global matching models of recognition memory: How the models match the data , 1996, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[25]  B. Basden,et al.  Some tests of the strategy disruption interpretation of part-list cuing inhibition. , 1995 .

[26]  S. Faraone,et al.  Verbal learning and memory in relatives of schizophrenics: Preliminary findings , 1995, Biological Psychiatry.

[27]  N Butters,et al.  Clinical assessment of memory disorders in amnesia and dementia. , 1995, Annual review of psychology.

[28]  Jane S. Paulsen,et al.  The nature of learning and memory impairments in schizophrenia , 1995, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society.

[29]  W. Batchelder,et al.  The statistical analysis of general processing tree models with the EM algorithm , 1994 .

[30]  B. Tabakoff,et al.  Biological aspects of alcoholism , 1994 .

[31]  Mary Susan Weldon,et al.  Why do pictures produce priming on the word-fragment completion test? A study of encoding and retrieval factors , 1993, Memory & cognition.

[32]  Z. Jocic,et al.  Memory and Frontal Lobe Dysfunction in Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder , 1993, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[33]  Jeffrey N. Rouder,et al.  A multinomial modeling analysis of the mnemonic benefits of bizarre imagery , 1992, Memory & cognition.

[34]  T. Goldberg,et al.  Forms of memory failure in schizophrenia. , 1992 .

[35]  William H. Batchelder,et al.  Age differences in storage and retrieval: A multinomial modeling analysis , 1991 .

[36]  Neil A. Macmillan,et al.  Detection Theory: A User's Guide , 1991 .

[37]  S. Kline,et al.  The imagery bizarreness effect as a function of sentence complexity and presentation time , 1991 .

[38]  Jean-Claude Falmagne,et al.  Mathematical psychology : current developments , 1991 .

[39]  William H. Batchelder,et al.  Statistical Inference for Multinomial Processing Tree Models , 1991 .

[40]  David M. Riefer,et al.  Multinomial processing models of source monitoring. , 1990 .

[41]  Michael D. Kopelman,et al.  Remote and autobiographical memory, temporal context memory and frontal atrophy in Korsakoff and Alzheimer patients , 1989, Neuropsychologia.

[42]  C. Brainerd,et al.  Development of children's long-term retention , 1989 .

[43]  Timothy R. C. Read,et al.  Goodness-Of-Fit Statistics for Discrete Multivariate Data , 1988 .

[44]  L. Cermak,et al.  Differentiation of amnesic and demented patients with the wechsler memory scale -revised , 1988 .

[45]  Gutowski We,et al.  Encoding, storage, and retrieval components of associative memory deficits of mildly mentally retarded adults. , 1987 .

[46]  D. M. Riefer,et al.  Further tests of a model for measuring storage and retrieval , 1987 .

[47]  William H. Batchelder,et al.  The statistical analysis of a model for storage and retrieval processes in human memory , 1986 .

[48]  N. Butters,et al.  Some analyses of forgetting of pictorial material in amnesic and demented patients. , 1986, Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology.

[49]  M. Freedman,et al.  Semantic encoding deficits in frontal lobe disease and amnesia , 1986, Brain and Cognition.

[50]  R S Nickerson,et al.  Retrieval inhibition from part-set cuing: A persisting enigma in memory research , 1984, Memory & cognition.

[51]  A. Calev.  Recall and recognition in mildly disturbed schizophrenics: the use of matched tasks , 1984, Psychological Medicine.

[52]  A. Calev.  Recall and recognition in chronic nondemented schizophrenics: use of matched tasks. , 1984, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[53]  H. Kraemer,et al.  Mathematical and empirical development of a test of memory for clinical and research use , 1983 .

[54]  L. McClain.  Encoding and Retrieval in Schizophrenics' Free Recall , 1983, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[55]  W. Lovallo,et al.  Effects of cueing on immediate and recent memory in schizophrenics. , 1983, The Journal of nervous and mental disease.

[56]  A F Monk,et al.  Evidence for distinct verbal memory pathologies in severely and mildly disturbed schizophrenics. , 1983, Schizophrenia bulletin.

[57]  L R Squire,et al.  Two forms of human amnesia: an analysis of forgetting , 1981, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[58]  William H. Batchelder,et al.  Separation of storage and retrieval factors in free recall of clusterable pairs. , 1980 .

[59]  L. P. Shaps,et al.  Encoding and retrieval operations in relation to age. , 1980 .

[60]  K. Traupmann.  Encoding processes and memory for categorically related words by schizophrenic patients. , 1980, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[61]  F. Huppert,et al.  Normal and Abnormal Forgetting in Organic Amnesia: Effect of Locus of Lesion , 1979, Cortex.

[62]  J. Mcdowall.  Effects of encoding instructions and retrieval cuing on recall in Korsakoff patients , 1979, Memory & cognition.

[63]  D. Bamber.  State-trace analysis: A method of testing simple theories of causation , 1979 .

[64]  F. Huppert,et al.  Dissociation between learning and remembering in organic amnesia , 1978, Nature.

[65]  S. D. Koh.  Remembering of verbal materials by schizophrenic young adults. , 1978 .

[66]  S. Schwartz.  Language and cognition in schizophrenia , 1978 .

[67]  Felicia A. Huppert,et al.  Recognition memory in amnesic patients: A defect of acquisition? , 1977, Neuropsychologia.

[68]  W. J. Barker.  The role of retrieval in schizophrenic memory deficit. , 1977 .

[69]  W. Kintsch,et al.  Memory and cognition , 1977 .

[70]  R A Chechile,et al.  Storage and retrieval processes of alcohol-induced amnesia. , 1977, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[71]  E. Bauman,et al.  Interference effects in schizophrenic short-term memory. , 1976, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[72]  R. A. Peterson,et al.  Affective encoding and consequent remembering in schizophrenic young adults. , 1976, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[73]  S F Larsen,et al.  Mnemonic organization and free recall in schizophrenia. , 1976, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[74]  A. Katz,et al.  Attenuating anterograde amnesia in Korsakoff's psychosis. , 1975, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[75]  William D. Marslen-Wilson,et al.  Memory for remote events in anterograde amnesia: Recognition of public figures from newsphotographs , 1975, Neuropsychologia.

[76]  K. Traupmann.  Effects of categorization and imagery on recognition and recall by process and reactive schizophrenics. , 1975, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[77]  L. Cermak,et al.  Some analyses of the verbal encoding deficit of alcoholic Korsakoff patients , 1974 .

[78]  L. Cermak,et al.  Information processing deficits of alcoholic Korsakoff patients. , 1973, Quarterly journal of studies on alcohol.

[79]  S. D. Koh,et al.  Mnemonic organization in young nonpsychotic schizophrenics. , 1973, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[80]  Robert A. Bjork,et al.  Mathematical Learning Theory and the New "Mental Forestry" , 1973 .

[81]  J. Feighner,et al.  Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. , 1972, Archives of general psychiatry.

[82]  N Butters,et al.  The extent of memory loss in Korsakoff patients. , 1971, Neuropsychologia.

[83]  E. Warrington,et al.  Amnesic Syndrome: Consolidation or Retrieval? , 1970, Nature.

[84]  Delos D. Wickens,et al.  Encoding Categories of Words: An Empirical Approach to Meaning. , 1970 .

[85]  T. S. Hyde,et al.  Differential effects of incidental tasks on the organization of recall of a list of highly associated words. , 1969 .

[86]  W. Montague,et al.  Category norms of verbal items in 56 categories A replication and extension of the Connecticut category norms , 1969 .

[87]  N. J. Slamecka,et al.  An examination of trace storage in free recall. , 1968, Journal of experimental psychology.

[88]  E. Tulving,et al.  Availability versus accessibility of information in memory for words , 1966 .

[89]  D. Schonfield,et al.  Memory storage and aging. , 1966, Canadian journal of psychology.