Rhodococcus wratislaviensis strain 9: An efficient p-nitrophenol degrader with a great potential for bioremediation.

A Gram-positive bacterium, Rhodococcus wratislaviensis strain 9, was isolated from groundwater contaminated with nitrophenolics and trichloroethene following enrichment culture technique. The cells of strain 9 grown on LB broth (uninduced) degraded 720 μM p-nitrophenol (PNP) within 12 h, and utilized as a source of carbon and energy. Orthogonal experimental design analysis to determine optimal conditions for biodegradation of PNP showed that pH had a significant positive effect (P ≤ .05) on bacterial degradation of PNP, while glucose, di- and tri-nitrophenols exhibited significant negative effect. Cell-free extracts obtained from PNP-grown culture that contained 20 μg mL-1 protein degraded 90% of 720 μM PNP within 5 h of incubation. Two-dimensional protein analysis revealed differential expression of the oxygenase component of PNP monooxygenase and an elongation factor Tu in PNP-grown cells, but not in those grown on glucose. The strain 9 remediated laboratory wastewater containing 900 μM PNP efficiently within 14 h, indicating its great potential in bioremediation of PNP-contaminated waters.

[1]  J. Spain,et al.  A Two-Component Monooxygenase Catalyzes Both the Hydroxylation of p-Nitrophenol and the Oxidative Release of Nitrite from 4-Nitrocatechol in Bacillus sphaericusJS905 , 1998, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[2]  P. C. Kearney,et al.  Degradation of o-nitrophenol and m-nitrophenol by a Pseudomonas putida , 1984 .

[3]  R. Naidu,et al.  The Impacts of Environmental Pollutants on Microalgae and Cyanobacteria , 2010 .

[4]  J. Rosenbusch,et al.  Abundance and membrane association of elongation factor Tu in E. coli , 1976, Nature.

[5]  R. Jain,et al.  Degradation of 4-nitrophenol, 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol, and 2,4-dinitrophenol by Rhodococcus imtechensis strain RKJ300. , 2010, Environmental science & technology.

[6]  R. Naidu,et al.  p‐nitrophenol toxicity to and its removal by three select soil isolates of microalgae: The role of antioxidants , 2012, Environmental toxicology and chemistry.

[7]  T. Caldas,et al.  Chaperone Properties of Bacterial Elongation Factor EF-Tu* , 1998, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[8]  A. Chaudhari,et al.  Biodegradation of p-nitrophenol by P. putida. , 2006, Bioresource technology.

[9]  R. Naidu,et al.  Degradation of p-nitrophenol by immobilized cells of Bacillus spp. isolated from soil , 2012 .

[10]  R. Naidu,et al.  Mixtures of environmental pollutants: effects on microorganisms and their activities in soils. , 2011, Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[11]  Kou-San Ju,et al.  Nitroaromatic Compounds, from Synthesis to Biodegradation , 2010, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews.

[12]  D. Siddavattam,et al.  Biodegradation of methyl parathion and p-nitrophenol: evidence for the presence of a p-nitrophenol 2-hydroxylase in a Gram-negative Serratia sp. strain DS001 , 2007, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

[13]  Yuk Shan Wong,et al.  Using orthogonal design to determine optimal conditions for biodegradation of phenanthrene in mangrove sediment slurry. , 2010, Journal of hazardous materials.

[14]  F. Schinner,et al.  A colorimetric method for the determination of lipase activity in soil , 2004, Biotechnology Letters.

[15]  Yanchun Yan,et al.  Biodegradation of p-nitrophenol by Rhodococcus sp. CN6 with high cell surface hydrophobicity. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[16]  Zhiqiang Hu,et al.  Biodegradation of nitrophenol compounds and the membrane fouling trends in different submerged membrane bioreactors , 2012 .

[17]  G. G. Stokes.  "J." , 1890, The New Yale Book of Quotations.

[18]  D. Barceló,et al.  Development and optimization of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for 4-nitrophenol. Application to the analysis of certified water samples , 1999 .

[19]  P. Nannipieri,et al.  Use of enzymes to detoxify pesticide-contaminated soils and waters , 1991 .

[20]  F. Schinner,et al.  Soil lipase activity : a useful indicator of oil biodegradation , 1999 .

[21]  Julio Pérez,et al.  Kinetics of aerobic biodegradation of dihydroxybenzenes by a p-nitrophenol-degrading activated sludge. , 2012, Bioresource technology.

[22]  G. Manfio,et al.  Biodegradation and detoxification of p-nitrophenol by Rhodococcus wratislaviensis , 2005 .

[23]  W. Bai,et al.  Biodegradation of p-nitrophenol by methyl parathion-degrading Ochrobactrum sp. B2 , 2007 .

[24]  M. Samuel,et al.  Bioremediation of p-Nitrophenol by Pseudomonas putida 1274 strain , 2014, Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering.

[25]  N. Singhal,et al.  Streptomycin induced protein expression analysis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis & mass spectrometry. , 2010, The Indian journal of medical research.

[26]  D. Kato,et al.  Mechanism of 4-Nitrophenol Oxidation in Rhodococcus sp. Strain PN1: Characterization of the Two-Component 4-Nitrophenol Hydroxylase and Regulation of Its Expression , 2008, Journal of bacteriology.

[27]  D. Harty,et al.  Stress-responsive proteins are upregulated in Streptococcus mutans during acid tolerance. , 2004, Microbiology.

[28]  Y. Kamagata,et al.  A Novel p-Nitrophenol Degradation Gene Cluster from a Gram-Positive Bacterium, Rhodococcus opacus SAO101 , 2004, Journal of bacteriology.

[29]  M. Takeo,et al.  Simultaneous Degradation of 4-Nitrophenol and Picric Acid by Two Different Mechanisms of Rhodococcus sp. PN1 , 2003 .

[30]  M. Nei,et al.  MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. , 2011, Molecular biology and evolution.

[31]  J. Chun,et al.  Rhodococcal systematics: problems and developments , 1998, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.

[32]  S. Karlin,et al.  Characterizations of Highly Expressed Genes of Four Fast-Growing Bacteria , 2001, Journal of bacteriology.

[33]  S. Mikkat,et al.  Proteome analysis of salt stress response in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 , 2006, Proteomics.

[34]  F. Zimmermann,et al.  Testing of chemicals for genetic activity with Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a report of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Gene-Tox Program. , 1984, Mutation research.

[35]  M. M. Bradford.  A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. , 1976, Analytical biochemistry.

[36]  T. Schwartz,et al.  Combined use of molecular biology taxonomy, Raman spectrometry, and ESEM imaging to study natural biofilms grown on filter materials at waterworks. , 2009, Chemosphere.

[37]  R. Schwarzenbach,et al.  Adsorption of substituted nitrobenzenes and nitrophenols to mineral surfaces , 1993 .

[38]  A. R. Folkard,et al.  The determination of nitrites , 1951 .

[39]  H. Blöcker,et al.  Isolation and direct complete nucleotide determination of entire genes. Characterization of a gene coding for 16S ribosomal RNA. , 1989, Nucleic acids research.

[40]  R. Naidu,et al.  Influence of nutrient mixtures on p-nitrophenol degradation by Stenotrophomonas sp. isolated from groundwater , 2013, Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering.

[41]  A. Zehnder,et al.  Biodegradation of 4-nitroanisole by two Rhodococcus spp. , 1996, Biodegradation.

[42]  Mei Li,et al.  Isolation and characterization of Arthrobacter sp. HY2 capable of degrading a high concentration of p-nitrophenol. , 2009, Bioresource technology.

[43]  L. Verchot,et al.  Application of para-nitrophenol (pNP) enzyme assays in degraded tropical soils , 2005 .

[44]  Tsuyoshi Murata,et al.  {m , 1934, ACML.

[45]  R. Naidu,et al.  Bioremediation approaches for organic pollutants: a critical perspective. , 2011, Environment international.

[46]  Y. Zuo,et al.  Biodegradation of 2,4,6-trinitrophenol by Rhodococcus sp. isolated from a picric acid-contaminated soil. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[47]  D. Munnecke.  Enzymatic hydrolysis of organophosphate insecticides, a possible pesticide disposal method , 1976, Applied and environmental microbiology.