Effects of triphenyltin acetate on survival, hatching success, and liver ultrastructure of early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio).

In order to evaluate the toxicity of the fungicide triphenyltin acetate (TPTA) on hatching, survival, morphology, and histology of early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio), newly fertilized eggs were exposed to concentrations of 0.5, 5, 25, 75, and 100 microg/liter TPTA for 96 h at 28+/-0.5 degrees C. Embryos and larvae were kept under constant observation for up to 7 days and studied with respect to mortality and teratogenic effects as well as histological and cytological alterations in the liver as endpoints of sublethal toxicity of TPTA. Exposure to TPTA caused dose- and time-related effects with respect to all parameters investigated: (1) Hatching was delayed at concentrations >/=0.5 microg/liter TPTA; (2) mortality increased at >/=25 microg/liter TA after 96 h exposure, with TPTA toxicity being higher in larval than in embryonic stages; (3) from >/=25 microg/liter, larvae exhibited skeletal malformation, retarded yolk sac resorption, and edema in the heart and yolk sac regions; and (4) histo- and cytopathological alterations of larval liver included changes in nuclei and mitochondria as well as glycogen depletion from >/=0.5 microg/liter TPTA. The study thus demonstrates not only an elevated sensitivity of zebrafish embryos to TPTA in stages prior to hatching, but also the importance of continuous observation over extended periods after termination of the actual exposure for a comprehensive evaluation of the toxicity of chemical compounds.

[1]  T. Brody,et al.  The effect of triethyltin on oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase activation. , 1961, Biochemical pharmacology.

[2]  C. J. Soderquist,et al.  Degradation of triphenyltin hydroxide in water , 1980 .

[3]  W. Seinen,et al.  Effects of various inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation on energy metabolism, macromolecular synthesis and cyclic AMP production in isolated rat thymocytes. A regulating role for the cellular energy state in macromolecular synthesis and cyclic AMP production. , 1986, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[4]  R. J. Meyer,et al.  Gmelin handbook of inorganic chemistry , 1975 .

[5]  T. Braunbeck,et al.  Segment specificity of the cytological response in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) renal tubules following prolonged exposure to sublethal concentrations of atrazine. , 1995, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.

[6]  W. Aldridge.  The Influence of Organotin Compounds on Mitochondrial Functions , 1976 .

[7]  K. Fent,et al.  Tributyltin-lnduced Effects on Early Life Stages of Minnows Phoxinus phoxinus , 2016 .

[8]  R. Nagel.  Untersuchungen zur Eiproduktion beim Zebrabärbling (Brachydanio rerio, Ham.‐Buch.) , 1986 .

[9]  W. Seinen,et al.  Biological activity of organotin compounds--an overview. , 1987, Environmental research.

[10]  K. Fent,et al.  Effects of sublethal concentrations of triphenyltinacetate on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) , 1996 .

[11]  T. Braunbeck,et al.  Hepatic steatosis in zebra fish (Brachydanio rerio) induced by long-term exposure to gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane. , 1990, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.

[12]  J. Duncan.  The toxicology of molluscicides. The organotins. , 1980, Pharmacology & therapeutics.

[13]  T. Brody,et al.  The effect of triethyltin on mitochondrial swelling. , 1961, Biochemical pharmacology.

[14]  E. Reynolds.  THE USE OF LEAD CITRATE AT HIGH pH AS AN ELECTRON-OPAQUE STAIN IN ELECTRON MICROSCOPY , 1963, The Journal of cell biology.

[15]  K. Fent,et al.  Effects of triphenyltin on fish early life stages , 1994, Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[16]  T. Aw,et al.  Tributyltin stimulates apoptosis in rat thymocytes. , 1990, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[17]  D. Mattie,et al.  The ultrastructural localization of tri-n-butyltin in human erythrocyte membranes during shape transformation leading to hemolysis. , 1986, Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology.

[18]  Y. Hatefi,et al.  Studies on the mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthesis by submitochondrial particles inhibited at F0 by venturicidin and organotin compounds. , 1993, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[19]  R. Lloyd,et al.  Sublethal and chronic effects of pollutants on freshwater fish , 1994 .

[20]  S. Teh,et al.  Ultrastructural Alterations in Liver of Medaka (Oryzias latipes) Exposed to Diethylnitrosamine , 1992, Toxicologic pathology.

[21]  I. Singh.  A MODIFICATION OF THE MASSON-HAMPERL METHOD FOR STAINING OF ARGENTAFFIN CELLS. , 1964, Anatomischer Anzeiger.

[22]  M. Selwyn.  Triorganotin Compounds as Ionophores and Inhibitors of Ion Translocating ATPases , 1976 .

[23]  T. Braunbeck,et al.  Toxicity of 4-chloroaniline in early life-stages of zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio): I. Cytopathology of liver and kidney after microinjection , 1996, Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[24]  W. Piver.  Organotin compounds: industrial applications and biological investigation. , 1973, Environmental health perspectives.

[25]  T. Braunbeck,et al.  Induction of biotransformation in the liver of Eel (Anguilla anguilla L.) by sublethal exposure to dinitro-o-cresol: an ultrastructural and biochemical study. , 1991, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.

[26]  K. Fent,et al.  PHENYLTINS IN WATER, SEDIMENT, AND BIOTA OF FRESHWATER MARINAS , 1991 .

[27]  W. Seinen,et al.  Comparative toxicity of organotin compounds to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) yolk sac fry. , 1991, The Science of the total environment.

[28]  Karl Pent,et al.  Organotins in freshwater harbors and rivers: Temporal distribution, annual trends and fate , 1995 .

[29]  D. Baird,et al.  Fish Ecotoxicology and Ecophysiology , 1994 .

[30]  K. Fent.  Embryotoxic effects of tributyltin on the minnow Phoxinus phoxinus , 1992 .

[31]  T. Tsuda,et al.  The influence of pH on the accumulation of tri-N-butyltin chloride and triphenyltin chloride in carp , 1990 .

[32]  K. Fent,et al.  Ecotoxicology of organotin compounds. , 1996, Critical reviews in toxicology.

[33]  M. Borel,et al.  Tin contamination in Arcachon Bay: Effects on oyster shell anomalies , 1986 .

[34]  J. Stegeman,et al.  Effects of tributyltin chloride in vitro on the hepatic microsomal monooxygenase system in the fish Stenotomus chrysops , 1991 .

[35]  M. Knuth,et al.  Acute and chronic toxicity of triphenyltin hydroxide to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) following brief or continuous exposure. , 1988, Environmental pollution.

[36]  E. Lores,et al.  Effects of organotins on growth and survival of two marine diatoms, Skeletonema costatum and Thalassiosira pseudonana , 1985 .

[37]  Q. Pickering,et al.  Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Cadmium to the Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) , 1972 .

[38]  Hisashi Yamada,et al.  Bioaccumulation of organotin compounds in the red sea bream (pagrus major) by two uptake pathways: Dietary uptake and direct uptake from water , 1994 .

[39]  R. Nagel,et al.  Toxicity of lindane, atrazine, and deltamethrin to early life stages of zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio). , 1990, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.

[40]  W. Seinen,et al.  Toxicity of triorganotin compounds: comparative in vivo studies with a series of trialkyltin compounds and triphenyltin chloride in male rats. , 1985, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[41]  A. Spurr.  A low-viscosity epoxy resin embedding medium for electron microscopy. , 1969, Journal of ultrastructure research.

[42]  A. Kroon,et al.  Effects of triethyltin on different ATPases, 5'-nucleotidase and phosphodiesterases in grey and white matter of rabbit brain and their relation with brain edema. , 1973, European neurology.

[43]  T. Braunbeck,et al.  Species-specific reaction of liver ultrastructure in zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) and trout (Salmo gairdneri) after prolonged exposure to 4-chloroaniline , 1990, Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[44]  J. E. Cremer,et al.  The biochemistry of organo-tin compounds; diethyltin dichloride and triethyltin sulphate. , 1955, The Biochemical journal.

[45]  H. B. Stoner.  Toxicity of Triphenyltin , 1966 .

[46]  T. Braunbeck,et al.  Sex-specific reaction of liver ultrastructure in zebra fish (Brachydanio rerio) after prolonged sublethal exposure to 4-nitrophenol , 1989 .

[47]  T. Braunbeck,et al.  Regenbogenforelle und Zebrabärbling, zwei Modelle für verlängerte Toxizitätstests: Relative Empfindlichkeit, Art- und Organspezifität in der cytopathologischen Reaktion von Leber und Darm auf Atrazin , 1992 .

[48]  K. Siebenlist,et al.  The effects of triethyltin bromide on red cell and brain cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases. , 1983, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[49]  P. E. Gibbs,et al.  The Decline of the Gastropod Nucella Lapillus Around South-West England: Evidence for the Effect of Tributyltin from Antifouling Paints , 1986, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.

[50]  P. Weis.  Ultrastructural changes induced by low concentrations of DDT in the livers of the zebrafish and the guppy. , 1974, Chemico-biological interactions.

[51]  T. Braunbeck,et al.  Cytopathology of liver and kidney in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss after long-term exposure to sublethal concentrations of linuron , 1995 .

[52]  K. C. Richardson,et al.  Embedding in epoxy resins for ultrathin sectioning in electron microscopy. , 1960, Stain technology.

[53]  M. Ng,et al.  THE EFFECT OF TRIALKYLTIN COMPOUNDS ON TUBULIN POLYMERISATION , 1978, Journal of neurochemistry.

[54]  A. Dawson,et al.  Effects of trialkyltin and triphenyltin compounds on mitochondrial respiration. , 1970, European journal of biochemistry.

[55]  E. Tremoli,et al.  Cytoskeletal modifications induced by organotin compounds in human neutrophils. , 1990, Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.

[56]  J. Mckim,et al.  Toxicity of a linear alkylate sulfonate detergent to larvae of four species of freshwater fish , 1975, Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[57]  S. C. U'ren.  Acute toxicity of bis(tributyltin) oxide to a marine copepod , 1983 .

[58]  K. Fent.  Bioconcentration and elimination of tributyltin chloride by embryos and larvae of minnows Phoxinus phoxinus , 1991 .