Toward 2D materials for flexible electronics: opportunities and outlook

Two-dimensional nanomaterials exhibit exceptional multifunctional properties including high-electron mobilities/saturation velocities, high surface to volume ratios, unique layered structures and mechanical compliance, positioning the class of materials to be influential in next-generation flexible electronics for applications in wearables and the Internet of things. In this perspective, three key areas of interest are identified that take advantage of the multifunctional nature of these materials including molecular sensing, van der Waals transfer and compliant radio frequency electronics. Significantly more progress needs to be made to realize commercialization of these materials, but the revolutionary accessible properties may reveal themselves in these three key areas of future flexible electronic systems.

[1]  D. Akinwande,et al.  Recent Progress on Stability and Passivation of Black Phosphorus , 2018, Advanced materials.

[2]  M. Deshmukh,et al.  MOVPE growth of semipolar III-nitride semiconductors on CVD graphene , 2013 .

[3]  J. Misewich,et al.  Functionalized carbon nanotubes for detecting viral proteins. , 2007, Nano letters.

[4]  Ajit Roy,et al.  Emerging Applications of Elemental 2D Materials , 2019, Advanced materials.

[5]  Xin Li,et al.  Heterogeneous Integration of Thin-Film InGaN-Based Solar Cells on Foreign Substrates with Enhanced Performance , 2018, ACS Photonics.

[6]  Changfeng Chen,et al.  Phosphorene: Fabrication, Properties, and Applications. , 2015, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[7]  Cheol-Woong Yang,et al.  Direct growth of etch pit-free GaN crystals on few-layer graphene , 2015 .

[8]  Sang-Hoon Bae,et al.  Heterogeneous integration of single-crystalline complex-oxide membranes , 2020, Nature.

[9]  A. Kis,et al.  2D transition metal dichalcogenides , 2017 .

[10]  K. Kumakura,et al.  Layered boron nitride as a release layer for mechanical transfer of GaN-based devices , 2012, Nature.

[11]  Abdallah Ougazzaden,et al.  Novel Scalable Transfer Approach for Discrete III‐Nitride Devices Using Wafer‐Scale Patterned h‐BN/Sapphire Substrate for Pick‐and‐Place Applications , 2019, Advanced Materials Technologies.

[12]  Pinshane Y. Huang,et al.  High-mobility three-atom-thick semiconducting films with wafer-scale homogeneity , 2015, Nature.

[13]  C. Dimitrakopoulos,et al.  Principle of direct van der Waals epitaxy of single-crystalline films on epitaxial graphene , 2014, Nature Communications.

[14]  Luchi Yao,et al.  Theoretical and experimental study of highly textured GaAs on silicon using a graphene buffer layer , 2015 .

[15]  R. Sordan,et al.  Fully inkjet-printed two-dimensional material field-effect heterojunctions for wearable and textile electronics , 2017, Nature Communications.

[16]  K. Novoselov,et al.  Detection of individual gas molecules adsorbed on graphene. , 2006, Nature materials.

[17]  Ho-Young Cha,et al.  Surface Functionalized Graphene Biosensor on Sapphire for Cancer Cell Detection. , 2016, Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

[18]  Yu-Chuan Lin,et al.  Wafer-scale MoS2 thin layers prepared by MoO3 sulfurization. , 2012, Nanoscale.

[19]  Travis J Anderson,et al.  Epitaxial Growth of III–Nitride/Graphene Heterostructures for Electronic Devices , 2013 .

[20]  Jared M. Johnson,et al.  Remote epitaxy through graphene enables two-dimensional material-based layer transfer , 2017, Nature.

[21]  D. Akinwande,et al.  Advancements in 2D flexible nanoelectronics: from material perspectives to RF applications , 2017 .

[22]  Deji Akinwande,et al.  Two-dimensional flexible nanoelectronics , 2014, Nature Communications.

[23]  P Bergveld,et al.  Development of an ion-sensitive solid-state device for neurophysiological measurements. , 1970, IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering.

[24]  Sanghwan Park,et al.  Graphene chemiresistors modified with functionalized triphenylene for highly sensitive and selective detection of dimethyl methylphosphonate , 2019, RSC advances.

[25]  E. Pop,et al.  Heat conduction across monolayer and few-layer graphenes. , 2010, Nano letters.

[26]  H. Nalwa,et al.  Flexible Graphene-Based Wearable Gas and Chemical Sensors. , 2017, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[27]  Abdallah Ougazzaden,et al.  Wafer-scale controlled exfoliation of metal organic vapor phase epitaxy grown InGaN/GaN multi quantum well structures using low-tack two-dimensional layered h-BN , 2016 .

[28]  G. Yi,et al.  Transferable GaN Layers Grown on ZnO-Coated Graphene Layers for Optoelectronic Devices , 2010, Science.

[29]  M. Motala,et al.  Transferrable AlGaN/GaN HEMTs to Arbitrary Substrates via a Two-dimensional Boron Nitride Release Layer. , 2020, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[30]  R. J. Berry,et al.  Printed biomolecular templates for 2D material patterning , 2018, Applied Physics Letters.

[31]  S. Sonde,et al.  Vertical Transistors Based on 2D Materials: Status and Prospects , 2018 .

[32]  Michael Snure,et al.  Flexible Gallium Nitride for High‐Performance, Strainable Radio‐Frequency Devices , 2017, Advanced materials.

[33]  Gengfeng Zheng,et al.  Electrical detection of single viruses. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[34]  A. J. Nijdam,et al.  Nanotechnologies for biomolecular detection and medical diagnostics. , 2006, Current opinion in chemical biology.

[35]  Gengfeng Zheng,et al.  Nanowire sensors for medicine and the life sciences. , 2006, Nanomedicine.

[36]  Xin Li,et al.  Large-Area Two-Dimensional Layered Hexagonal Boron Nitride Grown on Sapphire by Metalorganic Vapor Phase Epitaxy , 2016 .

[37]  Paul K. Chu,et al.  Two-dimensional black phosphorus: Synthesis, modification, properties, and applications , 2017 .

[38]  Nicholas Petrone,et al.  High-Strength Chemical-Vapor–Deposited Graphene and Grain Boundaries , 2013, Science.

[39]  Jianjun Hu,et al.  Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition of few-layer sp2 bonded boron nitride films , 2016 .

[40]  K. Shepard,et al.  Graphene Field-Effect Transistors for Radio-Frequency Flexible Electronics , 2015, IEEE Journal of the Electron Devices Society.

[41]  Kazumasa Sunouchi,et al.  Fabrication and characterization of heterostructures with subnanometer thickness , 1984 .

[42]  Jian Wang,et al.  Study on AlN buffer layer for GaN on graphene/copper sheet grown by MBE at low growth temperature , 2019, Journal of Alloys and Compounds.

[43]  A. Ferrari,et al.  Graphene field-effect transistors as room-temperature terahertz detectors. , 2012, Nature materials.

[44]  Adam Bolotsky,et al.  Two-Dimensional Materials in Biosensing and Healthcare: from In Vitro Diagnostics to Optogenetics and Beyond. , 2019, ACS nano.

[45]  P. Schwaller,et al.  Two-dimensional materials from high-throughput computational exfoliation of experimentally known compounds , 2016, Nature Nanotechnology.

[46]  Jeffery G Saven,et al.  Scalable Production of Molybdenum Disulfide Based Biosensors. , 2016, ACS nano.

[47]  K. Banerjee,et al.  MoS₂ field-effect transistor for next-generation label-free biosensors. , 2014, ACS nano.

[48]  Mehdi Hasan,et al.  Graphene terahertz devices for communications applications , 2016, Nano Commun. Networks.

[49]  X. Duan,et al.  Graphene for radio frequency electronics , 2012 .

[50]  Baoming Wang,et al.  Continuous Ultra-Thin MoS2 Films Grown by Low-Temperature Physical Vapor Deposition , 2014 .

[51]  Yu Huang,et al.  Van der Waals integration before and beyond two-dimensional materials , 2019, Nature.

[52]  Jing Kong,et al.  Chemiresistive Graphene Sensors for Ammonia Detection. , 2018, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[53]  Xiaole Xu,et al.  Scalable high performance radio frequency electronics based on large domain bilayer MoS2 , 2018, Nature Communications.

[54]  P M Campbell,et al.  Chemical vapor sensing with monolayer MoS2. , 2013, Nano letters.

[55]  Arnab Bhattacharya,et al.  Free-standing semipolar III-nitride quantum well structures grown on chemical vapor deposited graphene layers , 2013 .

[56]  D. Raha,et al.  Porphyromonas gingivalis in Alzheimer’s disease brains: Evidence for disease causation and treatment with small-molecule inhibitors , 2019, Science Advances.

[57]  A. Michon,et al.  High-Performance Graphene/AlGaN/GaN Schottky Junctions for Hot Electron Transistors , 2019, ACS Applied Electronic Materials.

[58]  Fabrizio Roccaforte,et al.  Microscopic mechanisms of graphene electrolytic delamination from metal substrates , 2014 .

[59]  Michael C. McAlpine,et al.  Graphene-based wireless bacteria detection on tooth enamel , 2012, Nature Communications.

[60]  M. Dresselhaus,et al.  Hot Electron Transistor with van der Waals Base-Collector Heterojunction and High-Performance GaN Emitter. , 2017, Nano letters.

[61]  Sang-Hoon Bae,et al.  Epitaxial growth and layer-transfer techniques for heterogeneous integration of materials for electronic and photonic devices , 2019, Nature Electronics.

[62]  Fengnian Xia,et al.  Recent Advances in Two-Dimensional Materials beyond Graphene. , 2015, ACS nano.

[63]  M. Shur,et al.  Resonant plasmonic terahertz detection in vertical graphene-base hot-electron transistors , 2015, 1509.03375.

[64]  Abdulaziz A. Al Kheraif,et al.  IoT medical tooth mounted sensor for monitoring teeth and food level using bacterial optimization along with adaptive deep learning neural network , 2019, Measurement.

[65]  David C. Look,et al.  Growth and characteristics of AlGaN/GaN heterostructures on sp^2-bonded BN by metal–organic chemical vapor deposition , 2016 .

[66]  Zhiqiang Su,et al.  Fabrication technologies and sensing applications of graphene-based composite films: Advances and challenges. , 2017, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[67]  Deji Akinwande,et al.  Graphene Electronic Tattoo Sensors. , 2017, ACS nano.

[68]  K. Besteman,et al.  Enzyme-Coated Carbon Nanotubes as Single-Molecule Biosensors , 2003 .

[69]  D. Akinwande,et al.  Black Phosphorus Flexible Thin Film Transistors at Gighertz Frequencies. , 2016, Nano letters.

[70]  K. Loh,et al.  Electrochemical delamination of CVD-grown graphene film: toward the recyclable use of copper catalyst. , 2011, ACS nano.

[71]  G. Yi,et al.  Growth and characterizations of GaN micro-rods on graphene films for flexible light emitting diodes , 2014 .