CMOS image sensors for multimedia applications

The feasiblity of integrating image sensors with other system functions on single chips, fabricated on standard CMOS ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit) processes, is confirmed. The authors report novel circuit techniques and present results from successful implementations. The required performance may be achieved by careful analog design, obviating the expense and bulk of solutions using discrete camera technologies. Attention is given to the output stage, the optical response, and second-order effects. Digital applications and miniature optics are also considered.