The reduction of pressure gradients in oil pipelines by the addition of water: Numerical analysis of stratified flow
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The addition of water to crude oil pipelines appears to be an important method for decreasing the pressure gradient for a given oil throughput. Although the concentric oil-in-water flow pattern provides the greatest possible reduction, the general case, in which the liquids are stratified as a result of the oil and water having different densities, is also characterized by reductions in pressure gradient.
To evaluate the magnitude of the pressure gradient reduction to be expected in stratified flow systems, the Navier-Stokes equations were solved by a numerical procedure utilizing a digital computer, for the laminar stratified flow of two Newtonian liquids — oil and water — in a circular pipe. Liquid flow rates were obtained for the flow of five hypothetical oils ranging in viscosity from 4 to 1500 centipoises in the presence of water, by computing the oil and water velocity profiles for a series of arbitrary oil-water interface positions. It was found that the maximum values for the pressure gradient reduction factor ranged from 1.12 to 1.31 for the five oils and occurred at water contents ranging from 12 to 93 per cent respectively.
The computed reduction factors were considerably lower than experimental values and this appears to indicate that wave motion and mixing at the oil-water interface produces a further and very significant reduction in the pressure gradient.
II semble que l'addition d'eau au petrole brut dans les oleoducs constitue un moyen important de diminuer le gradient de pression pour un debit donne de petrole. Měme si le mode d'ecoulement concentrique, huile dans l'eau, donne la plus grande reduction possible, on trouve egalement des gradients de pression reduits dans le cas general ou les liquides sont stratifies en raison de la difference de densite entre l'huile et l'eau.
Dans le but de prevoir la reduction du gradient de pression dans les systemes a ecoulement stratifie les auteurs resolvent les equations de Navier-Stokes a partir de methodes numeriques, a l'aide d'un calculateur digital, pour l'ecoulement stratifie laminaire de deux liquides Newtoniens—huile et eau—dans un tuyau a section circulaire. Ils obtiennent les debits de liquide pour l'ecoulement, en presence d'eau, de cinq huiles hypothetiques dont les viscosites varient de 4 a 1,500 centipoises, apres avoir calcule les profils de vitesse pour l'huile et pour l'eau correspondant a un certain nombre de positions de l'interface huile-eau choisies arbitrairement. Les valeurs maxima du facteur de reduction du gradient de pression varient de 1.12 a 1.31 pour les cinq huiles et correspondent a des teneurs d'eau variant de 12 a 93 pour cent respectivement.
Les facteurs de reduction calcules sont de beaucoup inferieurs aux valeurs experimentales. Ceci semble indiquer qu'un mouvement ondulatoire et une agitation a l'interface huile-eau provoquent une reduction additionnelle et tres importante du gradient de pression.
[1] T. W. F. Russell,et al. The effect of the less viscous liquid in the laminar flow of two immiscible liquids , 1959 .
[2] G. W. Hodgson,et al. The horizontal pipeline flow of equal density oil‐water mixtures , 1961 .
[3] S. A. Hovanessian. Waterflood Calculations for Multiple Sets of Producing Wells , 1960 .
[4] G. W. Hodgson,et al. Horizontal pipeline flow of mixtures of oil and water , 1959 .