A novel photovoltaic module assembled three-dimensional

For effective use of solar energy, it is important to maximize power generation per installation area. In this paper, photovoltaic (PV) modules assembled in a three-dimensional structure are proposed to enable more efficient conversion of limited amounts of solar energy using low-cost solar cells. The proposed PV modules are tree-shaped. We show using simulations that these modules produce significantly more electrical energy than conventional planar module assemblies.