Distributed Generation: Protection Problems, Optimal Placement

Applications of  Distributed Generation (DG) are taken into account more seriously due to the growth of cities, ever-increasing demand for electrical energy, and economic constraints affecting the installation of new substations and power plants. Distributed Generation unlike centralized electrical generation aims to generate electrical energy on small scale as near as possible to the load centers, interchanging electric power with the network. The installation of DG units at non-optimal places can result in an increase in system losses, implying in an increase in costs and, therefore, having an effect opposite to the desired. On the other hand, presence of the DG in a radial distribution network, in which all the currents are flowed from the source to the consumers, may this pure radial nature is lost. Thus the protection of distribution networks becomes a challenging task due to the change in the fault current levels and direction. Therefore the Optimal distributed generation sizing and placement, also negative effects of the DG on the protection system of the distribution network will be reviewed in this paper.

[1]  M. M. Aman,et al.  A new approach for optimum DG placement and sizing based on voltage stability maximization and minimization of power losses , 2013 .

[2]  Y. M. Atwa Distribution System Planning and Reliability Assessment under High DG Penetration , 2010 .

[3]  Amany El-Zonkoly,et al.  Optimal placement of multi-distributed generation units including different load models using particle swarm optimisation , 2011 .

[4]  A. Akbarimajd,et al.  A Method for Placement of DG Units in Distribution Networks , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[5]  Mojtaba Khederzadeh,et al.  A novel approach to increase FCL application in preservation of over-current relays coordination in presence of asynchronous DGs , 2013 .

[6]  E. J. Coster,et al.  Effect on DG on distribution grid protection , 2010 .

[7]  Ali Abbaspour,et al.  Optimal DG Placement in Distribution systems Using Cost/Worth Analysis , 2009 .

[8]  V. Ganesh,et al.  Optimal allocation of DG unit for the radial distribution system using genetic algorithm , 2015 .

[9]  Ahad Kazemi,et al.  Optimization of Distributed Generation Placement for Minimizing Power Losses and Voltage Profile Improvement Using Genetic Algorithm , 2012 .

[10]  Francesco Sulla,et al.  Island Operation with Induction Generators Fault Analysis and Protection , 2009 .

[11]  Ehab F. El-Saadany,et al.  DG allocation for benefit maximization in distribution networks , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[12]  Masoud Esmaili,et al.  Placement of minimum distributed generation units observing power losses and voltage stability with network constraints , 2013 .

[13]  Majid Gholami,et al.  PSO Based Multi Objective Approach for Optimal Sizing and Placement of Distributed Generation , 2011 .

[14]  Mehdi Nafar PSO-Based Optimal Placement of DGs in Distribution Systems Considering Voltage Stability and Short Circuit Level Improvement , 2012 .

[15]  H. Ghasemi,et al.  Voltage Stability-Based DG Placement in Distribution Networks , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[16]  Ali Aref,et al.  Optimal Placement and Estimation of DG Capacity in Distribution Network's Using Genetic Algorithm-based Method , 2012 .

[17]  Vishal Kumar,et al.  Optimal placement of different type of DG sources in distribution networks , 2013 .

[18]  Seyed Ali Mohammad Javadian,et al.  Calculation of Maximum DG's Capacity According to their Location for Remaining the Protection Coordination in Distribution Networks , 2011 .

[19]  H. Shayeghi,et al.  Multi-Objective Fuzzy Model in Optimal Sitingand Sizing of DG for Loss Reduction , 2009 .

[20]  S.M.T. Bathaee,et al.  Analysis of protection system’s risk in distribution networks with DG , 2013 .

[21]  M. E. El-Hawary,et al.  Optimal Distributed Generation Allocation and Sizing in Distribution Systems via Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery.

[22]  Nadarajah Mithulananthan,et al.  Optimal placement of dispatchable and nondispatchable renewable DG units in distribution networks for minimizing energy loss , 2014 .

[23]  H. L. Willis,et al.  Analytical methods and rules of thumb for modeling DG-distribution interaction , 2000, 2000 Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting (Cat. No.00CH37134).

[24]  M. M. Aman,et al.  Optimal placement and sizing of a DG based on a new power stability index and line losses , 2012 .

[25]  D. Singh,et al.  Multiobjective Optimization for DG Planning With Load Models , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[26]  M. A. Taghikhani DG Allocation and Sizing in Distribution Network Using Modified Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm , 2012 .

[27]  Farzad Razavi,et al.  Finding the Optimal Capacity and Location of Distributed Generation Resources and Analyzing the Impact of Different Coefficient Factors , 2011 .