Understanding pharmaceutical flows

The combined use of experimental fluid dynamics (EFD) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods effectively identifies and addresses flow problems in the pharmaceutical industry. Process performance and reliability can be improved with the application of this technology. This article demonstrates the use of EFD/CFD with diverse examples, including a laboratory dissolution apparatus, stirred tanks in various configurations, mixing of non-Newtonian fluids, static mixers, and roller bottles. Flow patterns, mixing structures, and complex behavior are all revealed with the combination of EFD and CFD methods.

[1]  A. B. Metzner.  Agitation of non‐Newtonian fluids , 1957 .

[2]  Hideo Tanaka,et al.  Rotating drum fermentor for plant cell suspension cultures , 1983, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[3]  H. S. Fogler,et al.  Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering , 1986 .

[4]  Robert K. Prud'homme,et al.  Chemical Processing and Micromixing in Confined Impinging Jets , 2003 .

[5]  Philippe A. Tanguy,et al.  A new investigation of the metzner‐otto concept for anchor mixing impellers , 1996 .

[6]  John A. Williams,et al.  Keys to bioreactor selections , 2002 .

[7]  R. Adrian.  Particle-Imaging Techniques for Experimental Fluid Mechanics , 1991 .

[8]  Fernando J. Muzzio,et al.  Using time-dependent RPM to enhance mixing in stirred vessels , 1996 .

[9]  Kevin J. Myers,et al.  The laminar and turbulent flow pattern of a pitched blade turbine , 1996 .

[10]  F. Muzzio,et al.  Computational and experimental investigation of flow and particle settling in a roller bottle bioreactor. , 1999, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[11]  Thomas J. R. Hughes,et al.  A new finite element formulation for computational fluid dynamics: IX. Fourier analysis of space-time Galerkin/least-squares algorithms , 1991 .

[12]  Fernando J. Muzzio,et al.  Laser-induced fluorescence technique for the quantification of mixing in impinging jets , 1999 .

[13]  P. V. Danckwerts.  The Difinition and Measurement of Some Characteristics of Mixtures , 1953 .

[14]  James J. McGuirk,et al.  On the use of fluorescent dyes for concentration measurements in water flows , 1990 .

[15]  K. B. Chandran,et al.  Numerical Simulation of Mechanical Mitral Heart Valve Closure , 2001, Annals of Biomedical Engineering.

[16]  H. Abdou.  Dissolution, Bioavailability and Bioequivalence , 1990 .

[17]  I.P.T. Moore,et al.  Velocity distributions in a stirred tank containing a yield stress fluid , 1995 .

[18]  E. S. Szalai,et al.  Fundamental approach to the design and optimization of static mixers , 2003 .

[19]  J. Sjögren,et al.  Investigation of prandial effects on hydrophilic matrix tablets. , 1999, Drug development and industrial pharmacy.

[20]  Shaffiq A. Jaffer,et al.  Quantification of laminar mixing in the kenics static mixer: An experimental study , 1998 .

[21]  E. S. Szalai,et al.  Engineering Tools for Understanding the Hydrodynamics of Dissolution Tests , 2003, Drug development and industrial pharmacy.

[22]  Suzanne M. Kresta,et al.  Prediction of the three-dimensional turbulent flow in stirred tanks , 1991 .

[23]  R Pietrabissa,et al.  Use of computational fluid dynamics in the design of surgical procedures: application to the study of competitive flows in cavo-pulmonary connections. , 1996, The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery.

[24]  Fernando J. Muzzio,et al.  Characterization of flow and mixing in an SMX static mixer , 2002 .

[25]  Jerzy Bałdyga,et al.  Turbulent Mixing and Chemical Reactions , 1999 .

[26]  Fernando J. Muzzio,et al.  Effects of injection location, flow ratio and geometry on kenics mixer performance , 1997 .

[27]  Enrique Galindo,et al.  A comparison of cavern development in mixing a yield stress fluid by rushton and intermig impellers , 1996 .

[28]  G. J. Morris,et al.  Fluid and Particle Laser Doppler Velocity Measurements and Mass Transfer Predictions for the Usp Paddle Method Dissolution Apparatus , 1990 .

[29]  Robert E. Treybal,et al.  Mixing and product distribution for a liquid‐phase, second‐order, competitive‐consecutive reaction , 1971 .

[30]  M. A. Bohn,et al.  Optimization of a Roller Bottle Process for the Production of Recombinant Erythropoietin , 1992, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[31]  D. E. Cadwallader,et al.  Effects of various hydrodynamic conditions on dissolution rate determinations. , 1976, Journal of pharmaceutical sciences.

[32]  J. Carstensen,et al.  USP dissolution IV: comparison of methods. , 1978, Journal of pharmaceutical sciences.

[33]  C. E. Wells.  Effect of sampling probe size on dissolution of tableted drug samples. , 1981, Journal of pharmaceutical sciences.

[34]  Jerzy Bałdyga,et al.  Interaction between chemical reactions and mixing on various scales , 1997 .

[35]  F. Muzzio,et al.  Reynolds number effects on laminar mixing in the Kenics static mixer , 1998 .

[36]  R. Fassihi,et al.  Evaluation of floating and sticking extended release delivery systems: an unconventional dissolution test. , 2000, Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society.

[37]  P. V. Danckwerts.  Continuous flow systems. Distribution of residence times , 1995 .

[38]  Ahmad H. Haidari,et al.  Design reactors via CFD , 2001 .

[39]  Ajit P. Yoganathan,et al.  Importance of Accurate Geometry in the Study of the Total Cavopulmonary Connection: Computational Simulations and In Vitro Experiments , 2001, Annals of Biomedical Engineering.

[40]  K. Schügerl,et al.  Distribution of residence times and contact times in packed bed reactors: influence of the chemical reaction , 1972 .

[41]  Fernando J. Muzzio,et al.  Experimental and computational investigation of the laminar flow structure in a stirred tank , 1999 .

[42]  F. Muzzio,et al.  Computational and experimental investigation of flow and fluid mixing in the roller bottle bioreactor. , 2000, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[43]  A. Nienow,et al.  Mixing of Highly Viscous Simulated Xanthan Fermentation Broths with the Lightnin A‐315 Impeller , 1992 .

[44]  R Kunitake,et al.  Fully-automated roller bottle handling system for large scale culture of mammalian cells. , 1997, Journal of biotechnology.