Coded Collaborative Spectrum Sensing With Joint Channel Decoding and Decision Fusion

This paper considers the integration of channel decoding with fusion based decision, for coded collaborative spectrum sensing (CSS) employing local Neyman-Pearson (NP) testing at each sensor. We derive a belief-propagation (BP) algorithm for joint channel decoding and decision fusion (JCDDF), based on a factor graph model for coded CSS schemes. Using the Lloyd-Max method, we also propose a new methodology for the local sensor to quantize its observation. The design of the quantizer embeds the binary NP test outcome in the quantization bits. Using the JCDDF algorithm, we show that coded CSS paired even with a short (8,4) extended Hamming code outperforms not only uncoded CSS, but also schemes where channel decoding and decision fusion are executed separately. Then, we consider the design of good channel codes for such CSS schemes. We demonstrate that the JCDDF algorithm employing unequal error protection (UEP) coding improves performance and outperforms equal error protection coding. Furthermore, we present a simple code search algorithm for identifying short UEP codes. Using such UEP codes, we finally show that a performance improvement over uncoded CSS can be attained also without bandwidth expansion using higher order modulations.

[1]  Sachin Chaudhari,et al.  Effect of quantization and channel errors on collaborative spectrum sensing , 2009, 2009 Conference Record of the Forty-Third Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers.

[2]  R.W. Brodersen,et al.  Implementation issues in spectrum sensing for cognitive radios , 2004, Conference Record of the Thirty-Eighth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, 2004..

[3]  Zhu Han,et al.  Belief Propagation Based Cooperative Compressed Spectrum Sensing in Wideband Cognitive Radio Networks , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[4]  David J. C. MacKay,et al.  Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory.

[5]  Husheng Li.  Cooperative Spectrum Sensing via Belief Propagation in Spectrum-Heterogeneous Cognitive Radio Systems , 2010, 2010 IEEE Wireless Communication and Networking Conference.

[6]  Wei Zhong,et al.  Combining data fusion with joint source-channel coding of correlated sensors , 2004, Information Theory Workshop.

[7]  Lei Chen,et al.  An Adaptive Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Scheme Based on the Optimal Data Fusion Rule , 2007, 2007 4th International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems.

[8]  Koichi Sakaguchi,et al.  Study on Cooperative Sensing in Cognitive Radio based AD-HOC Network , 2007, 2007 IEEE 18th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications.

[9]  Joseph H. Yuen,et al.  The Telecommunications and Data Acquisition Progress Report 42-123 , 1995 .

[10]  Venugopal V. Veeravalli,et al.  Cooperative Sensing for Primary Detection in Cognitive Radio , 2008, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing.

[11]  Xiaohu You,et al.  Guest Editorial Spectrum and Energy Efficient Design of Wireless Communication Networks: Part II , 2014, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[12]  Javier Del Ser,et al.  Iterative concatenated Zigzag decoding and blind data fusion of correlated sensors , 2009, 2009 International Conference on Ultra Modern Telecommunications & Workshops.

[13]  Javier Del Ser,et al.  Iterative Fusion of Distributed Decisions over the Gaussian Multiple-Access Channel Using Concatenated BCH-LDGM Codes , 2011, EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw..

[14]  Yang Xuefei.  Performance of LDPC Coded Modulations over Fading Channels , 2012 .

[15]  Peter Willett,et al.  On the optimality of the likelihood-ratio test for local sensor decision rules in the presence of nonideal channels , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory.

[16]  A. Ghasemi,et al.  Collaborative spectrum sensing for opportunistic access in fading environments , 2005, First IEEE International Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks, 2005. DySPAN 2005..

[17]  Henk Wymeersch,et al.  Computational complexity and quantization effects of decoding algorithms for non-binary LDPC codes , 2004, 2004 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[18]  D. Mackay,et al.  Low density parity check codes over GF(q) , 1998, 1998 Information Theory Workshop (Cat. No.98EX131).

[19]  Kuang-Ching Wang,et al.  Synchronizing Transmission Schedules of Partitioned Ad Hoc Networks , 2007, MILCOM 2007 - IEEE Military Communications Conference.

[20]  Husheng Li,et al.  Decoding the 'Nature Encoded' Messages for Distributed Energy Generation Control in Microgrid , 2011, 2011 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC).

[21]  Xiaobo Zhou,et al.  Distributed joint source-channel coding for relay systems exploiting spatial and temporal correlations , 2012, 2012 Wireless Advanced (WiAd).

[22]  John G. Proakis,et al.  Digital Communications , 1983 .

[23]  Erik G. Larsson,et al.  Linköping University Post Print Optimal and Sub-optimal Spectrum Sensing of Ofdm Signals in Known and Unknown Noise Variance Optimal and Sub-optimal Spectrum Sensing of Ofdm Signals in Known and Unknown Noise Variance , 2022 .

[24]  H. Vincent Poor,et al.  Optimal Power Allocation for Distributed Detection Over MIMO Channels in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing.

[25]  Roberto Garello,et al.  Decentralized Neyman-Pearson Test with Belief Propagation for Peer-to-Peer Collaborative Spectrum Sensing , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[26]  Rick S. Blum,et al.  Distributed detection with multiple sensors I. Advanced topics , 1997, Proc. IEEE.

[27]  Lei Zhang,et al.  Distributed decision fusion in the presence of networking delays and channel errors , 1992, Inf. Sci..

[28]  Robert Michael Tanner,et al.  A recursive approach to low complexity codes , 1981, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[29]  T. Duman,et al.  Decentralized detection over multiple-access channels , 1998 .

[30]  Simon Litsyn,et al.  Improved upper bounds for codes with unequal error protection , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory.

[31]  Teng Joon Lim,et al.  Belief Propagation on Factor Graphs for Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio , 2008, 2008 3rd IEEE Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks.

[32]  Insoo Koo,et al.  Log-likelihood Ratio Optimal Quantizer for Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio , 2011, IEEE Communications Letters.

[33]  Pierluigi Salvo Rossi,et al.  Channel-Aware Decision Fusion in Distributed MIMO Wireless Sensor Networks: Decode-and-Fuse vs. Decode-then-Fuse , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[34]  S. Leigh,et al.  Probability and Random Processes for Electrical Engineering , 1989 .

[35]  Javad Haghighat,et al.  Joint decoding and data fusion in wireless sensor networks using turbo codes , 2008, 2008 IEEE 19th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications.

[36]  I. M. Boyarinov,et al.  Linear unequal error protection codes , 1981, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[37]  Robert B. Ash,et al.  Information Theory , 2020, The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Society.

[38]  David Tse,et al.  Fundamentals of Wireless Communication , 2005 .

[39]  K. Chung,et al.  Limit Distributions for Sums of Independent Random Variables. , 1955 .

[40]  AliAkbar Tadaion,et al.  Neyman-Pearson Cooperative Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio Networks with Fine Quantization at Local Sensors , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Communications.

[41]  Pramod K. Varshney,et al.  Channel aware decision fusion in wireless sensor networks , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing.

[42]  Shu Lin,et al.  Channel Codes: Classical and Modern , 2009 .

[43]  Gang Xiong,et al.  Cooperative Spectrum Sensing with Beamforming in Cognitive Radio Networks , 2011, IEEE Communications Letters.

[44]  William Ryan,et al.  Channel Codes: Classical and Modern , 2009 .

[45]  Giorgio Taricco,et al.  Optimization of Linear Cooperative Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio Networks , 2011, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing.

[46]  Pramod K. Varshney,et al.  Distributed Detection and Data Fusion , 1996 .

[47]  Khaled Ben Letaief,et al.  Cooperative Communications for Cognitive Radio Networks , 2009, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[48]  E. Visotsky,et al.  On collaborative detection of TV transmissions in support of dynamic spectrum sharing , 2005, First IEEE International Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks, 2005. DySPAN 2005..

[49]  Steven Kay,et al.  Fundamentals Of Statistical Signal Processing , 2001 .

[50]  Christian Schlegel,et al.  Trellis and turbo coding , 2004 .

[51]  William Ryan,et al.  Channel Codes by William Ryan , 2009 .

[52]  Danijela Cabric,et al.  Experimental study of spectrum sensing based on energy detection and network cooperation , 2006, TAPAS '06.

[53]  Pramod K. Varshney,et al.  Distributed detection with multiple sensors I. Fundamentals , 1997, Proc. IEEE.

[54]  Xiaohu You,et al.  Guest Editorial Spectrum and Energy Efficient Design of Wireless Communication Networks: Part I , 2013, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[55]  Geoffrey Ye Li,et al.  Soft Combination and Detection for Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Networks , 2008, IEEE GLOBECOM 2007 - IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference.

[56]  Thomas M. Cover,et al.  Broadcast channels , 1972, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[57]  Jonathan L. Gross,et al.  Combinatorial Methods with Computer Applications , 2007 .

[58]  Dariush Divsalar,et al.  Soft-input soft-output modules for the construction and distributed iterative decoding of code networks , 1998, Eur. Trans. Telecommun..

[59]  Shuguang Cui,et al.  Optimal Linear Cooperation for Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Networks , 2008, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing.

[60]  Pramod K. Varshney,et al.  Fusion of decisions transmitted over Rayleigh fading channels in wireless sensor networks , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing.

[61]  Anant Sahai,et al.  SNR Walls for Signal Detection , 2008, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing.

[62]  Pierluigi Salvo Rossi,et al.  Orthogonality and Cooperation in Collaborative Spectrum Sensing through MIMO Decision Fusion , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[63]  M. Martalo,et al.  Decoding and Fusion in Sensor Networks with Noisy Observations and Communications , 2008, 2008 IEEE 10th International Symposium on Spread Spectrum Techniques and Applications.