Early boost and slow consolidation in motor skill learning.

Motorskill learning is a dynamic process that continues covertly after training has ended and eventually leads to delayed increments in performance. Current theories suggest that this off-line improvement takes time and appears only after several hours. Here we show an early transient and short-lived boost in performance, emerging as early as 5-30 min after training but no longer observed 4 h later. This early boost is predictive of the performance achieved 48 h later, suggesting its functional relevance for memory processes.

[1]  H. J. Eysenck,et al.  Reminiscence, Motivation, and Personality: A Case Study in Experimental Psychology , 1977 .

[2]  James L. McClelland,et al.  Learning the structure of event sequences. , 1991, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[3]  H. Hildebrandt.  Der psychologische Versuch in der Psychiatrie: Was wurde aus Kraepelins (1895) Programm? , 1993 .

[4]  Leslie G. Ungerleider,et al.  Functional MRI evidence for adult motor cortex plasticity during motor skill learning , 1995, Nature.

[5]  K. Svoboda,et al.  Rapid dendritic morphogenesis in CA1 hippocampal dendrites induced by synaptic activity. , 1999, Science.

[6]  K. Svoboda,et al.  Rapid spine delivery and redistribution of AMPA receptors after synaptic NMDA receptor activation. , 1999, Science.

[7]  S. Sara.  Retrieval and reconsolidation: toward a neurobiology of remembering. , 2000, Learning & memory.

[8]  T Seidenbecher,et al.  Reinforcement of Early Long-Term Potentiation (Early-LTP) in Dentate Gyrus by Stimulation of the Basolateral Amygdala: Heterosynaptic Induction Mechanisms of Late-LTP , 2001, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[9]  J. Pine,et al.  Chunking mechanisms in human learning , 2001, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[10]  J. Born,et al.  Sleep forms memory for finger skills , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[11]  R. Stickgold,et al.  Practice with Sleep Makes Perfect Sleep-Dependent Motor Skill Learning , 2002, Neuron.

[12]  Tamar Flash,et al.  Multiple shifts in the representation of a motor sequence during the acquisition of skilled performance , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[13]  R. Stickgold,et al.  Dissociable stages of human memory consolidation and reconsolidation , 2003, Nature.

[14]  R. Stickgold,et al.  Sleep and the time course of motor skill learning. , 2003, Learning & memory.

[15]  H. Heuer,et al.  One night of total sleep deprivation impairs implicit learning in the serial reaction task, but not the behavioral expression of knowledge. , 2003, Neuropsychology.

[16]  O. Hikosaka,et al.  Chunking during human visuomotor sequence learning , 2003, Experimental Brain Research.

[17]  Á. Pascual-Leone,et al.  Awareness Modifies the Skill-Learning Benefits of Sleep , 2004, Current Biology.

[18]  Alvaro Pascual-Leone,et al.  Current concepts in procedural consolidation , 2004, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[19]  Alvaro Pascual-Leone,et al.  Off-line learning of motor skill memory: a double dissociation of goal and movement. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[20]  Á. Pascual-Leone,et al.  Off-Line Learning and the Primary Motor Cortex , 2005, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[21]  Alvaro Pascual-Leone,et al.  The time course of off-line motor sequence learning. , 2005, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[22]  Axel Cleeremans,et al.  Filling one gap by creating another: Memory stabilization is not all-or-nothing, either , 2005 .

[23]  Matthew P Walker,et al.  A refined model of sleep and the time course of memory formation. , 2005, The Behavioral and brain sciences.