They don't all look alike: individuated impressions of other racial groups.

Reliability, content, and homogeneity of own- and other-race impressions were assessed: U.S. White, U.S. Black, and Korean students rated faces of White, Black, or Korean men. High intraracial reliabilities revealed that people of 1 race showed equally high agreement regarding the traits of own- and other-race faces. Racially universal appearance stereotypes--the attractiveness halo effect and the babyface overgeneralization effect--contributed substantially to interracial agreement, which was only marginally lower than intraracial agreement. Moreover, similar attention to variations in appearance yielded similar degrees of own- and other-race trait differentiation. When own- and other-race differences in the differentiation of faces on babyfaceness were statistically controlled, differences in trait differentiation were eliminated. Despite the individuated impressions of other-race faces, certain racial stereotypes persisted.

[1]  M. Cunningham Measuring the physical in physical attractiveness: quasi-experiments on the sociobiology of female facial beauty , 1986 .

[2]  D. Berry,et al.  Cross-Cultural Agreement in Perceptions of Babyfaced Adults , 1987 .

[3]  S. Penrod,et al.  Meta-analysis of facial identification studies. , 1986 .

[4]  M. Hogg,et al.  Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. , 1989 .

[5]  C. Keating,et al.  Gender and the physiognomy of dominance and attractiveness. , 1985 .

[6]  A. Eagly,et al.  What is beautiful is good, but…: A meta-analytic review of research on the physical attractiveness stereotype. , 1991 .

[7]  J. Langlois,et al.  Attractive Faces Are Only Average , 1990 .

[8]  Gerald R. Adams,et al.  Physical Attractiveness Research , 1977 .

[9]  E. E. Jones,et al.  Perceived Variability of Personal Characteristics in In-Groups and Out-Groups , 1981 .

[10]  Steven L. Neuberg,et al.  A Continuum of Impression Formation, from Category-Based to Individuating Processes: Influences of Information and Motivation on Attention and Interpretation , 1990 .

[11]  M. Zuckerman,et al.  Some dubious premises in research and theory on racial differences. Scientific, social, and ethical issues. , 1990, The American psychologist.

[12]  Charles M. Judd,et al.  Out-group homogeneity: Judgments of variability at the individual and group levels. , 1988 .

[13]  Alvin G. Goldstein,et al.  Measuring psychological similarity of faces , 1976 .

[14]  Races and faces — a comparison of the responses of Africans and Europeans to faces of the same and different races , 1981 .

[15]  Michael Harris Bond,et al.  Linking person perception to behavioural intention across cultures: The role of cultural collectivis , 1984 .

[16]  Joann M. Montepare,et al.  Impressions of Babyfaced Individuals Across the Life Span , 1992 .

[17]  C. Judd,et al.  Role of meaningful subgroups in explaining differences in perceived variability for in-groups and out-groups. , 1992, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[18]  J. Dovidio,et al.  The effects of race, status, and ability on helping behavior. , 1981 .

[19]  G. I. Schulman,et al.  Perceiving The Male Versus The Female Face , 1986 .

[20]  L. Z. McArthur,et al.  Impressions of baby-faced adults. , 1984 .

[21]  M. Brewer,et al.  13 – Beyond the Contact Hypothesis: Theoretical Perspectives on Desegregation , 1984 .

[22]  J. Dovidio,et al.  Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism , 1986 .

[23]  W. E. Vinacke Stereotyping among national-racial groups in Hawaii; a study in ethnocentrism. , 1949, The Journal of social psychology.

[24]  J. Bargh,et al.  Stereotyping based on apparently individuating information: Trait and global components of sex stereotypes under attention overload. , 1991 .

[25]  D. Berry,et al.  Perceiving character in faces: the impact of age-related craniofacial changes on social perception. , 1986, Psychological bulletin.

[26]  R. Malpass,et al.  Recognition for faces of own and other race. , 1969, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[27]  Anne Locksley,et al.  Social stereotypes and judgments of individuals: An instance of the base-rate fallacy , 1982 .

[28]  H. Tajfel,et al.  Social categorization and intergroup behaviour , 1971 .

[29]  Eliot R. Smith,et al.  Exemplar-Based Model of Social Judgment , 1992 .

[30]  J. Langlois,et al.  The Effects of Physical Attractiveness and Ethnicity on Children's Behavioral Attributions and Peer Preferences. , 1977 .

[31]  C. Kleinke,et al.  Ratings of Facial Beauty by Asian-American and Caucasian Females , 1979 .

[32]  M. Brewer A dual process model of impression formation. , 1988 .

[33]  M. Manis Cognitive Social Psychology , 1977 .

[34]  Valerie Braithwaite Old age stereotypes: reconciling contradictions. , 1986, Journal of gerontology.

[35]  D. Berry,et al.  Some components and consequences of a babyface. , 1985 .

[36]  J. Langlois,et al.  Baby beautiful: adult attributions of infant competence as a function of infant attractiveness. , 1984, Child development.

[37]  E. E. Jones,et al.  Polarized appraisals of out-group members. , 1980 .

[38]  J. Montepare,et al.  Contributions of a babyface and a childlink voice to impressions of Moving and Talking Faces , 1989 .

[39]  J. B. Pittenger,et al.  The perception of human growth. , 1980, Scientific American.

[40]  M. Karlins,et al.  On the fading of social stereotypes: studies in three generations of college students. , 1969, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[41]  C. Keating,et al.  A cross-cultural exploration of physiognomic traits of dominance and happiness , 1981 .

[42]  E. E. Jones,et al.  The perception of variability within in-groups and out-groups: Implications for the law of small numbers. , 1980 .

[43]  J. Dovidio,et al.  The aversive form of racism. , 1986 .

[44]  J. Brigham,et al.  The Role of Experience and Contact in the Recognition of Faces Of Own‐ and Other‐Race Persons , 1985 .

[45]  P. Salovey,et al.  Perceived distributions of the characteristics of in-group and out-group members: empirical evidence and a computer simulation. , 1989, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[46]  Eugene Borgida,et al.  Sex stereotypes and social judgment , 1980 .

[47]  S. Gaertner,et al.  Racial stereotypes: associations and ascription of positive and negative characteristic , 1983 .

[48]  Charles M. Judd,et al.  Measures and models of perceived group variability. , 1990 .

[49]  Anita P. Barbee,et al.  What do women want? Facialmetric assessment of multiple motives in the perception of male facial physical attractiveness. , 1990, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[50]  S. Worchel,et al.  Psychology of intergroup relations , 1986 .

[51]  R. Baron,et al.  Toward an Ecological Theory of Social Perception , 1983 .

[52]  P. Salovey,et al.  Stereotyping and perceived distributions of social characteristics: An application to ingroup-outgroup perception. , 1986 .

[53]  Susan Sprecher,et al.  Mirror, Mirror: The Importance of Looks in Everyday Life , 1985 .

[54]  A. G. Goldstein Race-related variation of facial features: Anthropometric data I , 1979 .

[55]  David A. Wilder,et al.  Reduction of Intergroup Discrimination through Individuation of the Out-Group. , 1978 .

[56]  A. G. Goldstein,et al.  Depth of Processing in Response to Own- and Other-Race Faces , 1981 .

[57]  Brian Mullen,et al.  Cross-Racial Facial Identification: A Social Cognitive Integration , 1992 .

[58]  Stephen M. Maret Attractiveness ratings of photographs of Blacks by Cruzans and Americans. , 1983 .

[59]  Judging face similarity in own and other races. , 1978 .

[60]  M. Rothbart,et al.  Perception of Out-Group Homogeneity and Levels of Social Categorization: Memory for the Subordinate Attributes of In-Group and Out-Group Members , 1982 .

[61]  I H Bernstein,et al.  Cross- vs. within-racial judgments of attractiveness , 1982, Perception & psychophysics.

[62]  A. Feingold Good-looking people are not what we think. , 1992 .

[63]  Ray C. Rist,et al.  Groups in Contact: The Psychology of Desegregation , 1984 .

[64]  Stephen M. Maret,et al.  Cross-Cultural Perceptions of Physical Attractiveness: Ratings of Photographs of Whites by Cruzans and Americans , 1985 .

[65]  H. Ellis,et al.  Perceiving and remembering faces , 1983 .