Visual-vestibular control of posture and gait: physiological mechanisms and disorders.

The scientific analysis of clinical disorders of posture and gait is an emerging field. Precise definition of the forces and postural movements involved has been pivotal to understanding many aspects of the visual and vestibular contributions to balance. However, a great deal of argument still surrounds the question of how much gait and posture laboratories actually contribute to improve the clinical management of individual patients. One of the reasons why gait analysis techniques have not penetrated rehabilitation clinics may be that the research questions asked have been aimed at understanding mechanisms rather than at quantifying disability. The condition known as primary orthostatic tremor, which is not too well known to many neuro-otologists and posturographists, is briefly reviewed here. We propose that posturography could be the easiest way to diagnose this treatable condition.

[1]  T. Lenarz.  British Society of Audiology Short Papers Meeting on Experimental Studies of Hearing and Deafness: British Journal of Audiology, 32.2, 1998. , 1998, British journal of audiology.

[2]  Patla,et al.  The initiation of gait in young, elderly, and Parkinson's disease subjects. , 1998, Gait & posture.

[3]  B. Steinhoff,et al.  Spatial-frequency-related efficacy of visual stabilisation of posture , 1998, Experimental Brain Research.

[4]  M Dieterich,et al.  Horizontal or vertical optokinetic stimulation activates visual motion-sensitive, ocular motor and vestibular cortex areas with right hemispheric dominance. An fMRI study. , 1998, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[5]  K Beykirch,et al.  Static and dynamic posturography in patients with vestibular and cerebellar lesions. , 1998, Archives of neurology.

[6]  Gresty,et al.  Postural responses to vibration of neck muscles in patients with uni- and bilateral vestibular loss. , 1998, Gait & posture.

[7]  H. El-Kashlan,et al.  Evaluation of Clinical Measures of Equilibrium , 1998, The Laryngoscope.

[8]  G. Rode,et al.  Postural asymmetry reduction by vestibular caloric stimulation in left hemiparetic patients. , 1998, Scandinavian journal of rehabilitation medicine.

[9]  M. Woollacott,et al.  Correlation between two clinical balance measures in older adults: functional mobility and sensory organization test. , 1998, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[10]  T. Mulder,et al.  Clinical gait analysis in a rehabilitation context: some controversial issues , 1998, Clinical rehabilitation.

[11]  J. Lackner,et al.  Auditory cues for orientation and postural control in sighted and congenitally blind people , 1998, Experimental Brain Research.

[12]  J. Summers,et al.  Abnormalities in the stride length‐cadence relation in parkinsonian gait , 1998, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.

[13]  G. Thickbroom,et al.  Modulation of primary orthostatic tremor by magnetic stimulation over the motor cortex , 1998, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[14]  C. Bard,et al.  Contribution of central and peripheral vision to the regulation of stance: developmental aspects. , 1997, Journal of experimental child psychology.

[15]  A. Bronstein,et al.  Vertical and horizontal motion perception in congenital nystagmus , 1998 .

[16]  T. Ledin,et al.  Dynamic and randomized perturbed posturography in the follow-up of patients with polyneuropathy. , 1998, Archives of medical research.

[17]  G. Paludetti,et al.  Postural control in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo before and after recovery. , 1998, Acta oto-laryngologica.

[18]  G. Andersson,et al.  Actual and perceived postural sway during balance specific and non-specific proprioceptive stimulation. , 1998, Acta oto-laryngologica.

[19]  Zijlstra,et al.  Voluntary and involuntary adaptation of gait in Parkinson's disease. , 1998, Gait & posture.

[20]  A. Elster,et al.  Relationship between balance and abnormalities in cerebral magnetic resonance imaging in older adults. , 1998, Archives of neurology.

[21]  P. Bousquet,et al.  Monaural and binaural galvanic vestibular stimulation in human dynamic balance function , 1997 .

[22]  C. Stockwell.  Vestibular testing: past, present, future. , 1997, British journal of audiology.

[23]  J A Molina,et al.  Symptomatic orthostatic tremor in pontine lesions , 1997, Neurology.

[24]  A. Straube,et al.  Visually induced motion perception and visual control of postural sway in congenital nystagmus , 1997, Behavioural Brain Research.

[25]  K. Mills,et al.  Motor cortex stimulation does not reset primary orthostatic tremor , 1997, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[26]  M. Turvey,et al.  Common effects of touch and vision on postural parameters , 1997, Experimental Brain Research.

[27]  Bernard Amblard,et al.  Hemispheric asymmetry in the visual contribution to postural control in healthy adults , 1997, Neuroreport.

[28]  Michael Fetter,et al.  Dissociation between the perception of body verticality and the visual vertical in acute peripheral vestibular disorder in humans , 1997, Neuroscience Letters.

[29]  Thomas Brandt,et al.  Galvanic vestibular stimulation in humans: effects on otolith function in roll , 1997, Neuroscience Letters.

[30]  L. Pazdera,et al.  Primary orthostatic tremor with prominent muscle hypertrophy , 1997, Neurology.

[31]  A. Bronstein,et al.  The effects of hyperventilation on postural control mechanisms. , 1997, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[32]  J. Kaye,et al.  Balance in the healthy elderly: posturography and clinical assessment. , 1997, Archives of neurology.

[33]  Hart Cw.  Does computerized dynamic posturography help us care for our patients , 1997 .

[34]  A. Bronstein,et al.  Hyperventilation effect on postural sway. , 1997, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[35]  M. Ouaknine,et al.  Sensory strategies in human postural control before and after unilateral vestibular neurotomy , 1997, Experimental Brain Research.

[36]  B. Day,et al.  Control of frontal plane body motion in human stepping , 1997, Experimental Brain Research.

[37]  Théophile Ohlmann,et al.  Selection of spatial frame of reference and postural control variability , 1997, Experimental Brain Research.

[38]  J. Jeka,et al.  Light touch contact as a balance aid. , 1997, Physical therapy.

[39]  B. Day,et al.  Human body‐segment tilts induced by galvanic stimulation: a vestibularly driven balance protection mechanism. , 1997, The Journal of physiology.

[40]  J. Furman,et al.  Surface Dependence: A Balance Control Strategy in Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia , 1997, Psychosomatic medicine.

[41]  C. Marsden,et al.  Postural responses to vibration of neck muscles in patients with idiopathic torticollis. , 1997, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[42]  W. Berger,et al.  Visual influence on human locomotion Modulation to changes in optic flow , 1997, Experimental Brain Research.

[43]  D Boisson,et al.  Predominance of postural imbalance in left hemiparetic patients. , 1997, Scandinavian journal of rehabilitation medicine.

[44]  E. Hirasaki,et al.  3D analysis of human locomotion before and after caloric stimulation. , 1997, Acta oto-laryngologica.

[45]  J. Lackner,et al.  Coupling of fingertip somatosensory information to head and body sway , 1997, Experimental Brain Research.

[46]  Aftab E. Patla,et al.  Review article Understanding the roles of vision in the control of human locomotion , 1997 .

[47]  M. Thaut,et al.  Rhythmic auditory-motor facilitation of gait patterns in patients with Parkinson's disease. , 1997, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[48]  M S Redfern,et al.  Time-varying characteristics of visually induced postural sway. , 1996, IEEE transactions on rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[49]  Thomas Brandt,et al.  Phobic Postural Vertigo , 1996, Neurology.

[50]  P. Thompson,et al.  A positron emission tomography study of primary orthostatic tremor , 1996, Neurology.