Accounting for the risks of phosphorus losses through tile drains in a phosphorus index.

Tile drainage systems have been identified as a significant conduit for phosphorus (P) losses to surface water, but P indices do not currently account for this transport pathway in a meaningful way. Several P indices mention tile drains, but most account for either the reduction in surface runoff or the enhanced transport through tiles rather than both simultaneously. A summary of the current state of how tile drains are accounted for within P indices is provided, and the challenges in predicting the risk of P losses through tile drains that are relative to actual losses are discussed. A framework for a component P Index is described, along with a proposal to incorporate predictions of losses through tile drains as a component within this framework. Options for calibrating and testing this component are discussed.

[1]  R. McDowell.  Minimising phosphorus losses from the soil matrix. , 2012, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[2]  Ü. Mander,et al.  Indicators of nutrients transport from agricultural catchments under temperate climate: A review , 2012 .

[3]  S. Payraudeau,et al.  Modelling pesticides transfer to surface water at the catchment scale: a multi-criteria analysis , 2012, Agronomy for Sustainable Development.

[4]  S. Hansen,et al.  Quantification of Drain-Connected Macroporous Flow Pathways by Smoke Injection , 2012 .

[5]  R. Kodešová,et al.  Using Dye Tracer for Visualization of Preferential Flow at Macro‐ and Microscales , 2012 .

[6]  Y. Capowiez,et al.  A Novel Method to Visualize and Characterize Preferential Flow in Undisturbed Soil Cores by Using Multislice Helical CT , 2012 .

[7]  E. Topp,et al.  Phosphorus and sediment loading to surface waters from liquid swine manure application under different drainage and tillage practices , 2012 .

[8]  J. Moeys,et al.  Meta-analysis of the effects of soil properties, site factors and experimental conditions on preferential solute transport , 2011 .

[9]  F. Doležal,et al.  Drainage water temperature as a basis for verifying drainage runoff composition on slopes , 2011 .

[10]  De JongReinder,et al.  Preferential pathways of phosphorus movement from agricultural land to water bodies in the Canadian Great Lakes basin: A predictive tool , 2011 .

[11]  Q. ZHANGt,et al.  Surface runoff and sub-surface drainage phosphorus losses under regular free drainage and controlled drainage with sub-irrigation systems in southern Ontario , 2011 .

[12]  D. Reid.  A modified Ontario P index as a tool for on-farm phosphorus management , 2011, Canadian Journal of Soil Science.

[13]  van BochoveEric,et al.  Temporal trends of risk of water contamination by phosphorus from agricultural land in the Great Lakes Watersheds of Canada , 2011 .

[14]  R. D. Jong,et al.  Preferential pathways of phosphorus movement from agricultural land to water bodies in the Canadian Great Lakes basin: A predictive tool , 2011, Canadian Journal of Soil Science.

[15]  C. Drury,et al.  Temporal trends of risk of water contamination by phosphorus from agricultural land in the Great Lakes Watersheds of Canada , 2011, Canadian Journal of Soil Science.

[16]  F. Djodjic,et al.  The need for an improved risk index for phosphorus losses to water from tile-drained agricultural land , 2011 .

[17]  Steven Kurt Frey,et al.  A detailed hydrologic evaluation of tile-drained macroporous soils: A field and modelling study , 2011 .

[18]  P. Maloszewski,et al.  Quantification of preferential flow and flow heterogeneities in an unsaturated soil planted with different crops using the environmental isotope δ18O , 2010 .

[19]  C. Drury,et al.  Estimating dissolved reactive phosphorus concentration in surface runoff water from major Ontario soils. , 2010, Journal of environmental quality.

[20]  E. Topp,et al.  MEASURED EFFECT OF AGRICULTURAL DRAINAGE WATER MANAGEMENT ON HYDROLOGY, WATER QUALITY, AND CROP YIELD , 2010 .

[21]  Julian Klaus,et al.  Modelling rapid flow response of a tile‐drained field site using a 2D physically based model: assessment of ‘equifinal’ model setups , 2010 .

[22]  S. Allaire,et al.  Likelihood of burrow flow in Canadian agricultural lands , 2010 .

[23]  A. Sarangi,et al.  Comparative evaluation of phosphorus losses from subsurface and naturally drained agricultural fields in the Pike River watershed of Quebec, Canada , 2010 .

[24]  M. Tomer,et al.  Source-pathway separation of multiple contaminants during a rainfall-runoff event in an artificially drained agricultural watershed. , 2010, Journal of environmental quality.

[25]  John L. Nieber,et al.  Preferential and Unstable Flow: From the Pore to the Catchment Scale , 2010 .

[26]  P. Vidon,et al.  Impact of precipitation characteristics on soil hydrology in tile‐drained landscapes , 2010 .

[27]  M. Sivapalan,et al.  Identifying a rainfall event threshold triggering herbicide leaching by preferential flow , 2010 .

[28]  R. D. Jong,et al.  Development of a method for estimating the likelihood of crack flow in Canadian agricultural soils at the landscape scale , 2010 .

[29]  B. B. Coelho,et al.  Sediment and Nutrient Contributions from Subsurface Drains and Point Sources to an Agricultural Watershed , 2010 .

[30]  J. Moeys,et al.  A Conceptual Model of Soil Susceptibility to Macropore Flow , 2009 .

[31]  A. Rousseau,et al.  Are current phosphorus risk indicators useful to predict the quality of surface waters in southern manitoba, Canada? , 2009, Journal of environmental quality.

[32]  R. F. Cullum.  Macropore flow estimations under no-till and till systems , 2009 .

[33]  M. Šanda,et al.  Application of two-component model of drainage discharge to nitrate contamination. , 2009, Journal of contaminant hydrology.

[34]  K. Abbaspour,et al.  Simulation of pharmaceutical and personal care product transport to tile drains after biosolids application. , 2009, Journal of environmental quality.

[35]  P. Kahle,et al.  Phosphorus losses from an artificially drained rural lowland catchment in North-Eastern Germany , 2009 .

[36]  M. Vauclin,et al.  A simplified modelling approach for pesticide transport in a tile-drained field: The PESTDRAIN model , 2009 .

[37]  John Maximilian Köhne,et al.  A review of model applications for structured soils: a) Water flow and tracer transport. , 2009, Journal of contaminant hydrology.

[38]  E. Topp,et al.  Pharmaceutical and personal care products in tile drainage following land application of municipal biosolids. , 2008, The Science of the total environment.

[39]  E Topp,et al.  Effect of liquid municipal biosolid application method on tile and ground water quality. , 2008, Journal of environmental quality.

[40]  C. Watson,et al.  Increase in phosphorus losses from grassland in response to Olsen-P accumulation. , 2007, Journal of environmental quality.

[41]  P. Vadas,et al.  Hydrology and groundwater nutrient concentrations in a ditch-drained agroecosystem , 2007 .

[42]  R. Bryant,et al.  Dynamics of phosphorus transfers from heavily manured Coastal Plain soils to drainage ditches , 2007 .

[43]  N. Jarvis.  A review of non‐equilibrium water flow and solute transport in soil macropores: principles, controlling factors and consequences for water quality , 2007 .

[44]  J. Mitchell,et al.  Phosphorus transport through subsurface drainage and surface runoff from a flat watershed in east central Illinois, USA. , 2007, Journal of environmental quality.

[45]  C. Madramootoo,et al.  Water table management impacts on phosphorus loads in tile drainage , 2007 .

[46]  R. Gordon,et al.  Phosphorus losses through agricultural tile drainage in Nova Scotia, Canada. , 2007, Journal of environmental quality.

[47]  R. McDowell,et al.  Sources of sediment and phosphorus in stream flow of a highly productive dairy farmed catchment. , 2007, Journal of environmental quality.

[48]  F. Dechmi,et al.  Indicator of risk of water contamination by phosphorus : Temporal trends for the Province of Quebec from 1981 to 2001 , 2007 .

[49]  Wesley W. Stone,et al.  Preferential flow estimates to an agricultural tile drain with implications for glyphosate transport. , 2006, Journal of environmental quality.

[50]  Horst H. Gerke,et al.  Preferential flow descriptions for structured soils , 2006 .

[51]  I. Foster,et al.  Sediment delivery from agricultural land to rivers via subsurface drainage , 2005 .

[52]  E. Turtola,et al.  Contribution of particulate phosphorus to runoff phosphorus bioavailability. , 2003, Journal of environmental quality.

[53]  Jennifer L. Weld,et al.  Development of phosphorus indices for nutrient management planning strategies in the United States , 2003 .

[54]  A. Sharpley,et al.  Effect of broadcast manure on runoff phosphorus concentrations over successive rainfall events. , 2003, Journal of environmental quality.

[55]  A. Mallarino,et al.  Phosphorus indexing for cropland: Overview and basic concepts of the Iowa phosphorus index , 2002 .

[56]  I. Simmers,et al.  Groundwater recharge: an overview of processes and challenges , 2002 .

[57]  Erwin Zehe,et al.  Preferential transport of isoproturon at a plot scale and a field scale tile-drained site , 2001 .

[58]  P. M. Haygarth,et al.  Processes controlling soil phosphorus release to runoff and implications for agricultural management , 2001, Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems.

[59]  D R Huggins,et al.  Tillage and nutrient source effects on surface and subsurface water quality at corn planting. , 2001, Journal of environmental quality.

[60]  A N Sharpley,et al.  Approximating phosphorus release from soils to surface runoff and subsurface drainage. , 2001, Journal of environmental quality.

[61]  L. C. Brown,et al.  Pesticide Transport to Subsurface Tile Drains in Humid Regions of North America , 2001 .

[62]  M. Shipitalo,et al.  Potential of earthworm burrows to transmit injected animal wastes to tile drains. , 2000 .

[63]  R. R. Simard,et al.  Indicator of risk of water contamination by P for soil landscape of Canada polygons. , 2000 .

[64]  H. E. Andersen,et al.  Subsurface drainage loss of particles and phosphorus from field plot experiments and a tile-drained catchment , 1999 .

[65]  C. Stamm,et al.  Transport of phosphate from soil to surface waters by preferential flow , 1998 .

[66]  R. R. Simard,et al.  Forms and Concentration of Phosphorus in Drainage Water of Twenty-Seven Tile-Drained Soils , 1998 .

[67]  B. Joern,et al.  Phosphorus loss in agricultural drainage: historical perspective and current research , 1998 .

[68]  B. Kronvang,et al.  Suspended Sediment and Particulate Phosphorus Transport and Delivery Pathways in AN Arable Catchment, GELBÆK Stream, Denmark , 1997 .

[69]  L. M. Svendsen,et al.  Loss of dissolved and particulate phosphorus from arable catchments by subsurface drainage , 1996 .

[70]  Keith Goulding,et al.  Phosphorus Leaching from Soils Containing Different Phosphorus Concentrations in the Broadbalk Experiment , 1995 .

[71]  J. Gaynor,et al.  Soil and Phosphorus Loss from Conservation and Conventional Tillage in Corn Production , 1995 .

[72]  Hannes Flühler,et al.  SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SOILS TO PREFERENTIAL FLOW OF WATER : A FIELD STUDY , 1994 .

[73]  Masoud Ghodrati,et al.  Preferential transport of nitrate through soil columns containing root channels , 1994 .

[74]  R. G. Gilbert,et al.  The Concept and Need for a Phosphorus Assessment Tool , 1993 .

[75]  W. Edwards,et al.  Factors Affecting Preferential Flow of Water and Atrazine through Earthworm Burrows under Continuous No‐Till Corn , 1993 .

[76]  D. H. Sander,et al.  Diffusion, Adsorption, and Predicted Longevity of Banded Phosphorus Fertilizer in Three Soils , 1990 .

[77]  Tammo S. Steenhuis,et al.  Tile drain sampling of preferential flow on a field scale , 1988 .

[78]  S. Trudgill,et al.  The movement of nitrate fertiliser from the soil surface to drainage waters by preferential flow in weakly structured soils, slapton, S. Devon , 1985 .

[79]  E. F. Bolton,et al.  Suspended solids and phosphorus loads from a clay soil. I: Plot studies , 1983 .

[80]  J. H. Peverly,et al.  Nitrogen and Phosphorus Losses from Organic Soils , 1978 .

[81]  Daryl J. McGoldrick,et al.  Development of environmental thresholds for nitrogen and phosphorus in streams. , 2012, Journal of environmental quality.

[82]  Andrew Sharpley,et al.  Revision of the 590 Nutrient Management Standard: SERA-17 Supporting Documentation , 2011 .

[83]  J. Gallichand,et al.  Measured and Computed Phosphorus Losses by Runoff and Subsurface Drainage in Eastern Canada , 2006 .

[84]  A. Jamieson,et al.  Phosphorus losses in surface and subsurface runoff from a snowmelt event on an agricultural field in Quebec , 2003 .

[85]  O. Schoumans,et al.  Models describing phosphorus losses by subsurface transport used in Europe , 2002 .

[86]  Andrew N. Sharpley,et al.  Phosphorus management at the watershed scale:a modification of the phosphorus index , 2000 .

[87]  P. Haygarth,et al.  Potential for Preferential Pathways of Phosphorus Transport , 2000 .

[88]  P. Brookes,et al.  Development of an Indicator for Risk of Phosphorus Leaching , 2000 .

[89]  Markus Flury,et al.  Experimental evidence of transport of pesticides through field soils - a review , 1996 .

[90]  Christopher J. Everts,et al.  ESTIMATING PREFERENTIAL FLOW TO A SUBSURFACE DRAIN WITH TRACERS , 1990 .

[91]  C. E. Carter,et al.  The Influence of Subsurface Drainage Practiceson Nitrogen and Phosphorus Losses in a Warm, Humid Climate , 1988 .

[92]  K. Nicholls,et al.  Nutrients in Subsurface and Runoff Waters of the Holland Marsh, Ontario , 1974 .