Acute Effects

Acute or early radiation effects are induced by radiation doses above a threshold level that is determined by the tissue sensitivity, the radiation quality, dose rate, and total dose. The effects of high doses at high dose rates are due to radiationinduced cell loss, whereas, the less severe effects, such as nausea and vomiting, are caused by less well understood processes not involving cell loss. Missions in space beyond the magnetosphere may experience solar particle events (SPE) in which large bursts of particles, mainly protons of a wide range of energies, are emitted from the sun. In the large events the dose rate of the radiation may rise, and the total dose may exceed the threshold dose for acute or early effects. The type, severity, and time of occurrence of the acute effects are determined by the total dose.

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