Obesity and metabolic syndrome in infancy and adolescence

Nas ultimas decadas a prevalencia da obesidade vem apresentando um aumento em varios paises ao redor domundo. Este fato e preocupante, ja que o excesso de gordura corporal, principalmente a abdominal, estadiretamente relacionado com alteracoes do perfil lipidico, com o aumento da pressao arterial e ahiperinsulinemia, considerados fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de doencas cronicas, como o diabetesmelito tipo 2 e as doencas cardiovasculares. Niveis elevados de leptina e de acido urico e a alteracao dosfatores fibrinoliticos tambem tem sido observados em individuos obesos. O conjunto destas alteracoes temsido descrito como “sindrome metabolica” ou “sindrome da resistencia a insulina”, ja que a hiperinsulinemiatem um papel importante no desenvolvimento dos outros componentes da sindrome metabolica. Entretanto,questiona-se se estas alteracoes ja estao presentes em criancas e adolescentes obesos. Este artigo descreve afisiopatologia dos componentes da sindrome metabolica e esclarece como este processo ocorre na faixa etariamais jovem.

[1]  R. Bergman,et al.  Unique effect of visceral fat on insulin sensitivity in obese Hispanic children with a family history of type 2 diabetes. , 2002, Diabetes care.

[2]  B. Popkin,et al.  Trends of obesity and underweight in older children and adolescents in the United States, Brazil, China, and Russia. , 2002, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[3]  R. Martos,et al.  Metabolic cardiovascular syndrome in obese prepubertal children: the role of high fasting insulin levels. , 2002, Metabolism: clinical and experimental.

[4]  W. Tamborlane,et al.  Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance among children and adolescents with marked obesity. , 2002, The New England journal of medicine.

[5]  N. Sattar,et al.  Plasma Leptin and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS) , 2001, Circulation.

[6]  D. Styne,et al.  CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENT OBESITY: Prevalence and Significance , 2001 .

[7]  J. Després,et al.  [Fat distribution and metabolism]. , 2001, Diabetes & metabolism.

[8]  G. M. D. Silva,et al.  Prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade em crianças e adolescentes de uma escola da rede privada de Recife , 2001 .

[9]  E. Rimm,et al.  Plasma leptin concentrations and obesity in relation to insulin resistance syndrome components among school children in Taiwan—The Taipei Children Heart Study , 2000, International Journal of Obesity.

[10]  W. Muntean,et al.  Relationship between plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 antigen, leptin, and fat mass in obese children and adolescents. , 2000, Metabolism: clinical and experimental.

[11]  M. Jensen,et al.  METABOLIC COMPLICATIONS OF OBESITY: Pathophysiologic Considerations , 2000 .

[12]  C. Bogardus,et al.  The natural history of insulin secretory dysfunction and insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. , 1999, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[13]  A. Hofman,et al.  Associations of C-reactive protein with measures of obesity, insulin resistance, and subclinical atherosclerosis in healthy, middle-aged women. , 1999, Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology.

[14]  W. Dietz,et al.  The Relation of Overweight to Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Children and Adolescents: The Bogalusa Heart Study , 1999, Pediatrics.

[15]  L. Moreno,et al.  Fat distribution in obese and nonobese children and adolescents. , 1998, Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition.

[16]  B. Gutin,et al.  Visceral adipose tissue and cardiovascular risk factors in obese children. , 1998, The Journal of pediatrics.

[17]  B. Gower,et al.  Prediction of intra-abdominal and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue in healthy pre-pubertal children , 1998, International Journal of Obesity.

[18]  J. Tuomilehto,et al.  Is there a relationship between leptin and insulin sensitivity independent of obesity?A population-based study in the Indian Ocean nation of Mauritius , 1998, International Journal of Obesity.

[19]  G. Hunter,et al.  Physical activity related energy expenditure and fat mass in young children , 1997, International Journal of Obesity.

[20]  S. Srinivasan,et al.  Adolescent overweight is associated with adult overweight and related multiple cardiovascular risk factors: the Bogalusa Heart Study. , 1996, Metabolism: clinical and experimental.

[21]  J. Viikari,et al.  The role of insulin in clustering of serum lipids and blood pressure in children and adolescents , 1995, Diabetologia.

[22]  J. Stamler Epidemic obesity in the United States. , 1993, Archives of internal medicine.

[23]  W. Dietz,et al.  Long-term morbidity and mortality of overweight adolescents. A follow-up of the Harvard Growth Study of 1922 to 1935. , 1992, The New England journal of medicine.

[24]  G. Reaven,et al.  Relationship between resistance to insulin-mediated glucose uptake, urinary uric acid clearance, and plasma uric acid concentration. , 1991, JAMA.

[25]  R. Lauer,et al.  Childhood Predictors of Future Blood Pressure , 1991, Hypertension.

[26]  M. Knip,et al.  Serum insulin and other cardiovascular risk indicators in children, adolescents and young adults. , 1991, Annals of medicine.

[27]  E. Ferrannini,et al.  Insulin resistance in essential hypertension. , 1987, The New England journal of medicine.

[28]  S. Gallistl,et al.  Insulin and Insulin Resistance Index are Not Independent Determinants for the Variation in Leptin in Obese Children and Adolescents , 2000, Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM.

[29]  O. Pedersen,et al.  Analysis of the relationship between fasting serum uric acid and the insulin sensitivity index in a population-based sample of 380 young healthy Caucasians. , 1998, European journal of endocrinology.

[30]  S. Srinivasan,et al.  Persistent elevation of plasma insulin levels is associated with increased cardiovascular risk in children and young adults. The Bogalusa Heart Study. , 1996, Circulation.

[31]  F. Casanueva,et al.  Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism Printed in U.S.A. Copyright © 1997 by The Endocrine Society Serum Leptin Levels in Normal Children: Relationship to Age, Gender, Body Mass Index, Pituitary-Gonadal Hormones, and Pubertal Stage* , 2022 .