Viral infections associated with oral cancers and diseases in the context of HIV: a workshop report.

Human herpesviruses (HHVs) and human papillomavirus (HPV) are common in the general population and, in immunocompetent people, are mostly carried asymptomatically. However, once an individual becomes immunocompromised by age, illness or HIV infection these dormant viruses can manifest and produce disease. In HIV-positive patients, there is an increased risk of disease caused by HHVs and HPV infections and cancers caused by the oncoviruses Epstein-Barr Virus, HHV-8 and HPV. This workshop examined four questions regarding the viruses associated with oral cancers and disease in the HIV-positive and -negative populations, the immune response, and biomarkers useful for accurate diagnostics of these infections and their sequalae. Each presenter identified a number of key areas where further research is required.

[1]  C. Shiboski,et al.  Overview and research agenda arising from the 7th World Workshop on Oral Health and Disease in AIDS. , 2016, Oral diseases.

[2]  E. Dimba,et al.  Diagnostic challenges of oral and cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma in resource-constrained settings. , 2015, Journal of oral pathology & medicine : official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology.

[3]  M. Ghannoum,et al.  High Accuracy of Common HIV-Related Oral Disease Diagnoses by Non-Oral Health Specialists in the AIDS Clinical Trial Group , 2015, PloS one.

[4]  A. Giuliano,et al.  Seroconversion following anal and genital HPV infection in men: The HIM study , 2015, Papillomavirus research.

[5]  N. Johnson,et al.  Detecting DNA viruses in oral fluids: evaluation of collection and storage methods. , 2015, Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease.

[6]  E. Perrotti,et al.  Type I IFN--a blunt spear in fighting HIV-1 infection. , 2015, Cytokine & growth factor reviews.

[7]  A. Metin,et al.  Focal epithelial hyperplasia associated with human papillomavirus 13 and common human leukocyte antigen alleles in a Turkish family , 2015, International journal of dermatology.

[8]  Ro,et al.  P16ink4a Immunoexpression Profile in HPV-Oral Lesions from HIV-InfectedPatients , 2015 .

[9]  Sarman Singh,et al.  Seroprevalence and determinants of Kaposi sarcoma-associated human herpesvirus 8 in Indian HIV-infected males. , 2014, AIDS research and human retroviruses.

[10]  Richard D Moore,et al.  Incidence and risk factors of HPV-related and HPV-unrelated Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma in HIV-infected individuals. , 2014, Oral oncology.

[11]  Yu-huang Zheng,et al.  The immune pathogenesis of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy in AIDS. , 2014, AIDS research and human retroviruses.

[12]  N. Johnson,et al.  Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Association of Smokeless Tobacco and of Betel Quid without Tobacco with Incidence of Oral Cancer in South Asia and the Pacific , 2014, PloS one.

[13]  N. Johnson,et al.  Comparison of salivary collection and processing methods for quantitative HHV-8 detection. , 2014, Oral diseases.

[14]  C. Parsons,et al.  Clinical case of the month: a 22-year-old man with AIDS presenting with shortness of breath and an oral lesion. , 2014, The Journal of the Louisiana State Medical Society : official organ of the Louisiana State Medical Society.

[15]  S. Paludan,et al.  Innate DNA sensing is impaired in HIV patients and IFI16 expression correlates with chronic immune activation , 2014, Clinical and experimental immunology.

[16]  J. Palefsky,et al.  Human Papillomavirus-Related Cancers Among People Living With AIDS in Puerto Rico , 2014, Preventing chronic disease.

[17]  N. Johnson,et al.  Successful Treatment of Iatrogenic Multicentric Castleman's Disease Arising Due to Recrudescence of HHV‐8 in a Liver Transplant Patient , 2014, American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons.

[18]  J. Lee,et al.  Epidemiology of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Cancer Among HIV-Infected Patients , 2014, Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes.

[19]  D. Whiteman,et al.  Prevalence and Risk Factors for Oral HPV Infection in Young Australians , 2014, PloS one.

[20]  Cara C Wilson,et al.  The Natural Killer Cell Interferon-Gamma Response to Bacteria Is Diminished in Untreated HIV-1 Infection and Defects Persist Despite Viral Suppression , 2014, Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes.

[21]  J. Thurn,et al.  Decreased Mutation Frequencies among Immunoglobulin G Variable Region Genes during Viremic HIV-1 Infection , 2014, PloS one.

[22]  Elena Bekerman,et al.  A Role for Host Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase in Innate Immune Defense against KSHV , 2013, PLoS pathogens.

[23]  J. Palefsky,et al.  HIV-associated disruption of mucosal epithelium facilitates paracellular penetration by human papillomavirus. , 2013, Virology.

[24]  V. Madden,et al.  Replication of Oral BK Virus in Human Salivary Gland Cells , 2013, Journal of Virology.

[25]  M. von Knebel Doeberitz,et al.  Screening for Cervical Cancer Precursors With p16/Ki-67 Dual-Stained Cytology: Results of the PALMS Study , 2013, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[26]  M. Mims,et al.  Effect of Immune Reconstitution on the Incidence of HIV-Related Hodgkin Lymphoma , 2013, PloS one.

[27]  A. Giuliano,et al.  Incidence and clearance of oral human papillomavirus infection in men: the HIM cohort study , 2013, The Lancet.

[28]  F. Donato,et al.  Incidence of AIDS‐defining cancers and virus‐related and non‐virus‐related non‐AIDS‐defining cancers among HIV‐infected patients compared with the general population in a large health district of northern Italy, 1999–2009 , 2013, HIV medicine.

[29]  M. Nagaraj Verruca Vulgaris of the Tongue , 2013, Journal of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery.

[30]  D. Shaw,et al.  Successful treatment of an HIV-positive patient with unmasking Kaposi's sarcoma immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. , 2013, Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology.

[31]  A. García-Carrancá,et al.  HPV oral lesions in HIV-infected patients: the impact of long-term HAART. , 2013, Journal of oral pathology & medicine : official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology.

[32]  S. Porter,et al.  Focal epithelial hyperplasia - an update. , 2013, Journal of oral pathology & medicine : official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology.

[33]  V. C. Vieira,et al.  The Role of Cytidine Deaminases on Innate Immune Responses against Human Viral Infections , 2013, BioMed research international.

[34]  M. Jontell,et al.  The Morbidity of Oral Mucosal Lesions in an Adult Swedish Population , 2013, Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal.

[35]  Paolo Vineis,et al.  Evaluation of human papillomavirus antibodies and risk of subsequent head and neck cancer. , 2013, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[36]  D. Dittmer,et al.  Kaposi sarcoma associated herpesvirus pathogenesis (KSHV)--an update. , 2013, Current opinion in virology.

[37]  S. Antinori,et al.  Trends and Predictors of Non–AIDS-Defining Cancers in Men and Women With HIV Infection: A Single-Institution Retrospective Study Before and After the Introduction of HAART , 2013, Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes.

[38]  L. Moretta,et al.  Successfully treated HIV-infected patients have differential expression of NK cell receptors (NKp46 and NKp30) according to AIDS status at presentation. , 2013, Immunology letters.

[39]  U. Dittmer,et al.  IFN‐α subtypes: distinct biological activities in anti‐viral therapy , 2013, British journal of pharmacology.

[40]  T. Quinn,et al.  Frequent Detection of HPV before and after Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy among HIV/HSV-2 Co-Infected Women in Uganda , 2013, PloS one.

[41]  B. Clotet,et al.  Natural History of Human Papillomavirus Infections Involving Anal, Penile, and Oral Sites Among HIV-Positive Men , 2013, Sexually transmitted diseases.

[42]  S. Schwartz,et al.  Rates and Determinants of Oral Human Papillomavirus Infection in Young Men , 2012, Sexually transmitted diseases.

[43]  Y. Li,et al.  Focal epithelial hyperplasia (Heck's disease) in two Chinese females. , 2012, International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery.

[44]  Xin He,et al.  The Prevalence and Incidence of Oral Human Papillomavirus Infection Among Young Men and Women, Aged 18–30 Years , 2012, Sexually transmitted diseases.

[45]  F. Dudbridge,et al.  Transmission of human herpesvirus type 8 infection within families in american indigenous populations from the Brazilian Amazon. , 2012, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[46]  Roy Zhang,et al.  Performance of p16/Ki-67 Immunostaining to Detect Cervical Cancer Precursors in a Colposcopy Referral Population , 2012, Clinical Cancer Research.

[47]  C. Bunker,et al.  Acquired Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis Due to Multiple and Unusual HPV Infection Among Vertically-Infected, HIV-Positive Adolescents in Zimbabwe , 2012, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[48]  C. Achenbach,et al.  Paradoxical immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV-infected patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy after AIDS-defining opportunistic infection. , 2012, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[49]  Ross D. Cranston,et al.  Risk Factors for Oral HPV Infection among a High Prevalence Population of HIV-Positive and At-Risk HIV-Negative Adults , 2011, Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention.

[50]  A. A. Machado,et al.  Oral lesions associated with HIV infection before and during the antiretroviral therapy era in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. , 2011, Journal of oral science.

[51]  Gitte Pedersen,et al.  Head and neck cancer in HIV patients and their parents: a Danish cohort study , 2011, Clinical epidemiology.

[52]  G. Palù,et al.  Anal and oral human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in HIV-infected subjects in northern Italy: a longitudinal cohort study among men who have sex with men , 2011, BMC infectious diseases.

[53]  L. Patton,et al.  Oral Lesions, HIV Phenotypes, and Management of HIV-Related Disease , 2011, Advances in dental research.

[54]  G. Descamps,et al.  High Prevalence of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus in Palatine Tonsils from Healthy Children and Adults , 2011, Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.

[55]  A. Tappuni Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome , 2011, Advances in dental research.

[56]  Jeffrey N. Martin,et al.  Substantial regional differences in human herpesvirus 8 seroprevalence in sub‐Saharan Africa: Insights on the origin of the “Kaposi's sarcoma belt” , 2010, International journal of cancer.

[57]  S. Shrestha,et al.  The impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on prevalence and incidence of cervical human papillomavirus infections in HIV-positive adolescents , 2010, BMC infectious diseases.

[58]  Ethel Cesarman,et al.  Kaposi's sarcoma and its associated herpesvirus , 2010, Nature Reviews Cancer.

[59]  Gypsyamber D'Souza,et al.  HPV-associated head and neck cancer: a virus-related cancer epidemic. , 2010, The Lancet. Oncology.

[60]  W. Thorstad,et al.  p16 Positive Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma:An Entity With a Favorable Prognosis Regardless of Tumor HPV Status , 2010, The American journal of surgical pathology.

[61]  Tazi Mohammed Fadl,et al.  Kaposi's sarcoma: HIV-negative man with isolated penile localization. , 2010, Indian journal of pathology & microbiology.

[62]  N. Johnson,et al.  The mouth in HIV/AIDS: markers of disease status and management challenges for the dental profession. , 2010, Australian dental journal.

[63]  R. Hopkins,et al.  Detection of antibodies to Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus: a new approach using K8.1 ELISA and a newly developed recombinant LANA ELISA. , 2010, Journal of immunological methods.

[64]  Jignesh B. Vaishnani,et al.  Kaposi's sarcoma: a presenting sign of HIV. , 2010, Indian journal of dermatology, venereology and leprology.

[65]  S. Cole,et al.  A Meta-Analysis of the Incidence of Non-AIDS Cancers in HIV-Infected Individuals , 2009, Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes.

[66]  V. Madden,et al.  BK virus has tropism for human salivary gland cells in vitro: implications for transmission. , 2009, Virology.

[67]  F. Falaki,et al.  Detection of human papilloma virus DNA in seven cases of focal epithelial hyperplasia in Iran. , 2009, Journal of oral pathology & medicine : official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology.

[68]  A. Spurdle,et al.  Human papillomavirus DNA detected in peripheral blood samples from healthy Australian male blood donors , 2009, Journal of medical virology.

[69]  R. Biggar,et al.  Risk of human papillomavirus-associated cancers among persons with AIDS. , 2009, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[70]  A. Tappuni,et al.  Oral Kaposi sarcoma: a case of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. , 2009, Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics.

[71]  D. A. Vale,et al.  Impact of PI and NNRTI HAART-based therapy on oral lesions of Brazilian HIV-infected patients. , 2009, Journal of oral pathology & medicine : official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology.

[72]  V. Kharkar,et al.  Kaposi's sarcoma: a presenting manifestation of HIV infection in an Indian. , 2009, Indian journal of dermatology, venereology and leprology.

[73]  A. Dongre,et al.  Kaposi's sarcoma in an HIV-positive person successfully treated with paclitaxel. , 2009, Indian journal of dermatology, venereology and leprology.

[74]  Y. Agrawal,et al.  Oral sexual behaviors associated with prevalent oral human papillomavirus infection. , 2009, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[75]  Chien-Jen Chen,et al.  Independent Effect of EBV and Cigarette Smoking on Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A 20-Year Follow-Up Study on 9,622 Males without Family History in Taiwan , 2009, Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention.

[76]  G. Reyes-Terán,et al.  Identification of oral candidosis, hairy leukoplakia and recurrent oral ulcers as distinct cases of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome , 2009, International journal of STD & AIDS.

[77]  S. Porter,et al.  Extensive oral shedding of human herpesvirus 8 in a renal allograft recipient. , 2009, Oral microbiology and immunology.

[78]  K. Mshvidobadze,et al.  Oral lesions in HIV-positive patients in Georgia. , 2008, Georgian medical news.

[79]  G. Mertz Asymptomatic shedding of herpes simplex virus 1 and 2: implications for prevention of transmission. , 2008, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[80]  F. Rana,et al.  Pattern of head and neck malignant neoplasms in HIV-infected patients in Kenya. , 2008, International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery.

[81]  B. Trope,et al.  Human papillomavirus detection and typification in cutaneous and mucosal lesions of HIV-seropositive patients , 2008, International journal of STD & AIDS.

[82]  E. Tamburrini,et al.  Oral lesions in HIV and HCV co-infected individuals in HAART era. , 2008, Journal of oral pathology & medicine : official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology.

[83]  C. Boshoff,et al.  Associations between Burkitt Lymphoma among Children in Malawi and Infection with HIV, EBV and Malaria: Results from a Case-Control Study , 2008, PloS one.

[84]  L. Gaitán-Cepeda,et al.  Oral Manifestations after Immune Reconstitution in HIV Patients on Haart , 2008, International journal of STD & AIDS.

[85]  S. Joshi,et al.  Kaposi's sarcoma in a patient with AIDS. , 2008, The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India.

[86]  N. Wood,et al.  Human immunodeficiency virus-associated Kaposi sarcoma as an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: a literature review and case report. , 2008, Journal of periodontology.

[87]  D. Dittmer,et al.  More on HIV-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. , 2008, The New England journal of medicine.

[88]  D. Whiley,et al.  False-Negative Results in Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests—Do We Need to Routinely Use Two Genetic Targets in all Assays to Overcome Problems Caused by Sequence Variation? , 2008 .

[89]  S. Shapiro,et al.  Cervical Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection and HPV Type 16 Antibodies in South African Women , 2007, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[90]  L. Ayers,et al.  The AIDS and Cancer Specimen Resource: Role in HIV/AIDS scientific discovery , 2007, Infectious Agents and Cancer.

[91]  M. Samols,et al.  Conservation of virally encoded microRNAs in Kaposi sarcoma--associated herpesvirus in primary effusion lymphoma cell lines and in patients with Kaposi sarcoma or multicentric Castleman disease. , 2007, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[92]  N. Park,et al.  Characterization of RNA in Saliva , 2006, Clinical chemistry.

[93]  J. Webster-Cyriaque,et al.  Oral EBV and KSHV Infection in HIV , 2006, Advances in dental research.

[94]  John P. Moore,et al.  HIV-1 Envelope Triggers Polyclonal Ig Class Switch Recombination through a CD40-Independent Mechanism Involving BAFF and C-Type Lectin Receptors1 , 2006, The Journal of Immunology.

[95]  P. Rothberg,et al.  Sequence Diversity in the Glycoprotein B Gene Complicates Real-Time PCR Assays for Detection and Quantification of Cytomegalovirus , 2005, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[96]  J. Goedert,et al.  Detection of kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus DNA in saliva and buffy-coat samples from children with sickle cell disease in Uganda. , 2004, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[97]  P. Speight,et al.  [Typing human papilloma virus (HPV) infection in the warts of oral mucosa from HIV-positive patients]. , 2004, Hua xi kou qiang yi xue za zhi = Huaxi kouqiang yixue zazhi = West China journal of stomatology.

[98]  B. Chohan,et al.  Shedding of human herpesvirus 8 in oral and genital secretions from HIV-1-seropositive and -seronegative Kenyan women. , 2004, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[99]  K. Shah,et al.  Oral human papillomavirus infection in adults is associated with sexual behavior and HIV serostatus. , 2004, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[100]  S. Syrjänen Human papillomavirus infections and oral tumors , 2003, Medical Microbiology and Immunology.

[101]  E. Cesarman,et al.  Spectrum of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus, or Human Herpesvirus 8, Diseases , 2002, Clinical Microbiology Reviews.

[102]  C. O'Daniels,et al.  Human papillomavirus-associated oral warts among human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: an emerging infection. , 2002, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[103]  J. Greenspan,et al.  Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on frequency of oral warts , 2001, The Lancet.

[104]  N. Raab-Traub,et al.  Hairy Leukoplakia: an Unusual Combination of Transforming and Permissive Epstein-Barr Virus Infections , 2000, Journal of Virology.

[105]  L. Patton,et al.  Changing prevalence of oral manifestations of human immuno-deficiency virus in the era of protease inhibitor therapy. , 2000, Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics.

[106]  C. Boshoff,et al.  Seroprevalence of human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) in countries of Southeast Asia compared to the USA, the Caribbean and Africa , 1999, British Journal of Cancer.

[107]  V. Beral,et al.  Risk factors for Kaposi's sarcoma in HIV‐positive subjects in Uganda , 1997, AIDS.

[108]  C. Meijer,et al.  The use of general primers GP5 and GP6 elongated at their 3' ends with adjacent highly conserved sequences improves human papillomavirus detection by PCR. , 1995, The Journal of general virology.

[109]  C. Healy,et al.  Prevalence and risk factors associated with leukoplakia, hairy leukoplakia, erythematous candidiasis, and gingival hyperplasia in renal transplant recipients. , 1994, Oral surgery, oral medicine, and oral pathology.

[110]  T. Axéll,et al.  Occurrence of oral mucosal lesions, the influence of tobacco habits and an estimate of treatment time in an adult Swedish population. , 1990, Journal of oral pathology & medicine : official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology.

[111]  D. Shugar,et al.  Properties of purified salivary ribonuclease, and salivary ribonuclease levels in children with cystic fibrosis and in heterozygous carriers. , 1980, Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry.

[112]  Hakan Seckinelgin,et al.  The Institutionalization of Global AIDS and the Creation of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) , 2017 .

[113]  C. Münz Role of human natural killer cells during Epstein-Barr virus infection. , 2014, Critical reviews in immunology.

[114]  C. Mathers,et al.  GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer , 2013 .

[115]  C. Rwenyonyi,et al.  Orofacial manifestations in HIV positive children attending Mildmay Clinic in Uganda , 2012, Odontology.

[116]  Lindsey K Bennett,et al.  Heck's Disease: Diagnosis and Susceptibility , 2009, Pediatric dermatology.

[117]  J. L. Castellanos,et al.  Lesions of the oral mucosa: an epidemiological study of 23785 Mexican patients. , 2008, Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics.

[118]  P. Brousset,et al.  Detection of herpesvirus type 8 (HHV8) in children's tonsils and adenoids by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. , 2006, International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology.

[119]  H. Dienes,et al.  Expression of p16 protein is associated with human papillomavirus status in tonsillar carcinomas and has implications on survival. , 2005, Advances in oto-rhino-laryngology.

[120]  P. Sugumar,et al.  First Report Of Kaposi's Sarcoma In An AIDS Patient From Madras, India , 1996 .

[121]  B. Campbell,et al.  Kaposi's sarcoma of the oral cavity in a non‐aids patient: Case report and review of the literature , 1995, Head & neck.

[122]  J. Epstein,et al.  Hairy leukoplakia-like lesions following bone-marrow transplantation. , 1991, AIDS.

[123]  F. Gudat,et al.  Oral hairy leukoplakia in a HIV-negative renal transplant patient: a marker for immunosuppression? , 1988, Dermatologica.

[124]  T. Axéll A prevalence study of oral mucosal lesions in an adult Swedish population. , 1976, Odontologisk revy. Supplement.