UHF RFID in Automatic Vehicle Identification: Analysis and Simulation

In this paper, the application of UHF RFID in automatic vehicles identification is studied by the means of a new simulation framework. The system under study consists of the stationary readers with antennas mounted over the road lanes and vehicles license plates equipped with passive EPC Class 1 Generation 2 UHF RFID tags. The simulation includes protocol settings, antennas parameters, and propagation media conditions. Propagation analysis considers Doppler shift to compute the path loss of moving tags properly. The estimations of an inventory round duration, the number of rounds the tag participates in and the tag identification probability are provided. The paper presents vehicles identification probabilities computed for different protocol settings and movement speeds. In particular, it was shown that a vehicle could be identified with 0.9 probability by EPC values only when the vehicle speed is 120 km/h or even more. If the vehicle is identified with both EPC and TID banks values, the same 0.9 probability is achievable when the vehicle speed is under 90 km/h. The results of the simulation coincide with the experiment results involving the city buses.

[1]  P.V. Nikitin,et al.  Antennas and Propagation in UHF RFID Systems , 2008, 2008 IEEE International Conference on RFID.

[2]  P. Nikitin,et al.  Antenna design for UHF RFID tags: a review and a practical application , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation.

[3]  Phil Blythe.  RFID for road tolling, road-use pricing and vehicle access control , 1999 .

[4]  Gerald Matz,et al.  Wireless Communications Over Rapidly Time-Varying Channels , 2011 .

[5]  Vladimir M. Vishnevsky,et al.  Design concepts of an application platform for traffic law enforcement and vehicles registration comprising RFID technology , 2012, 2012 IEEE International Conference on RFID-Technologies and Applications (RFID-TA).

[6]  P. Nikitin,et al.  UHF RFID TAG CHARACTERIZATION : OVERVIEW AND STATE-OFTHE-ART , 2012 .

[7]  P.V. Nikitin,et al.  Theory and measurement of backscattering from RFID tags , 2006, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine.

[8]  Sang-Hwa Chung,et al.  Implementation and performance evaluation of an active RFID system for fast tag collection , 2008, Comput. Commun..

[9]  K. V. S. Rao,et al.  Effect of Gen2 protocol parameters on RFID tag performance , 2009, 2009 IEEE International Conference on RFID.

[10]  David Girbau,et al.  EFFECTS OF INTERFERENCES IN UHF RFID SYSTEMS , 2009 .

[11]  Roberto Linares y Miranda,et al.  Passive UHF RFID Technology Applied to Automatic Vehicle Identification: Antennas, Propagation Models and Some Problems Relative to Electromagnetic Compatibility , 2013 .

[12]  Francisco Falcone,et al.  Intelligent Vehicle Communication: Deterministic Propagation Prediction in Transportation Systems , 2016, IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine.

[13]  KyungHi Chang,et al.  Radio Transmission Performance of EPCglobal Gen-2 RFID System , 2008, 2008 10th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology.

[14]  Daniel M. Dobkin,et al.  The RF in RFID: Passive UHF RFID in Practice , 2007 .

[15]  Yvonne Schuhmacher,et al.  Rfid Handbook Fundamentals And Applications In Contactless Smart Cards And Identification , 2016 .

[16]  Zhi Zhang,et al.  COSMO: CO-Simulation with MATLAB and OMNeT++ for Indoor Wireless Networks , 2010, 2010 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference GLOBECOM 2010.

[17]  Maaruf Ali,et al.  Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Based Toll Collection System , 2011, 2011 Third International Conference on Computational Intelligence, Communication Systems and Networks.

[18]  J. Landt,et al.  The history of RFID , 2005, IEEE Potentials.

[19]  G.D. Durgin,et al.  Complete Link Budgets for Backscatter-Radio and RFID Systems , 2009, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine.

[20]  Andrey Larionov,et al.  Architecture of application platform for RFID-enabled traffic law enforcement system , 2014, 2014 7th International Workshop on Communication Technologies for Vehicles (Nets4Cars-Fall).

[21]  Jan-Dong Tseng,et al.  An UHF Band RFID Vehicle Management System , 2007, 2007 International Workshop on Anti-Counterfeiting, Security and Identification (ASID).

[22]  Antonis G. Dimitriou,et al.  A Site-Specific Stochastic Propagation Model for Passive UHF RFID , 2014, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters.

[23]  Christian Floerkemeier,et al.  RFIDSim—A Physical and Logical Layer Simulation Engine for Passive RFID , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering.

[24]  Fawzi M. Al-Naima,et al.  Vehicle Location System Based on RFID , 2011, 2011 Developments in E-systems Engineering.

[25]  Ulrich Muehlmann,et al.  Wideband system-level simulator for passive UHF RFID , 2009, 2009 IEEE International Conference on RFID.

[26]  P.V. Nikitin,et al.  Performance limitations of passive UHF RFID systems , 2006, 2006 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium.