Silver, Silver Compounds, and Silver Alloys

The article contains sections titled: 1. History 1.1. Centers of Silver Production 1.2. Extent of Production 1.3. Development of Production Processes 1.4. Monetary Significance and Price Structure 2. Properties 2.1. Atomic Properties 2.2. Physical Properties 2.3. Chemical Properties 3. Occurrence and Raw Materials 3.1. Formation, Abundance, and Distribution of Ores 3.2. Silver Minerals 3.3. Deposits 3.4. Secondary Silver 3.5. Resources and Reserves 4. Extraction from Ores 4.1. Extraction from Silver Ores 4.1.1. Smelting 4.1.2. Amalgamation 4.1.3. Cyanidation 4.1.4. Thiosulfate Leaching (Patera Process) 4.1.5. Metallurgical Processes 4.2. Extraction from Lead and Lead - Zinc Ores 4.2.1. Production of Lead Bullion 4.2.2. Cupellation without Prior Silver Enrichment 4.2.3. Silver Enrichment by the Pattinson Process 4.2.4. Silver Enrichment by the Parkes Process 4.2.5. Cupellation of Enriched Lead 4.2.6. Silver Extraction from Electrolytic Lead Refining 4.3. Extraction from Copper and Copper - Nickel Ores 4.3.1. Formation of Silver-Containing Copper Anode Slimes 4.3.2. Pretreatment of Copper Anode Slimes 4.3.3. Processing of Copper Anode Slimes 4.3.4. Silver Extraction from Copper Matte 4.4. Extraction from Gold Ores 4.5. Extraction from Tin Ores 5. Recovery from Secondary Silver 5.1. Via Copper Smelters 5.2. Via Lead Smelters 5.3. Via the Lead - Silver Smelting Process 5.4. Via Scrap Metal Leaching 5.5. Via Scrap Metal Electrolysis 5.6. Processing of Flue Dust 5.7. Processing of Copper Matte 5.8. Processing of Photographic Materials 5.9. Surface Desilvering 5.10. Processing of Special Scrap 6. Silver Refining 6.1. Fine Smelting 6.2. Refining with Nitric Acid (Inquartation) 6.3. Refining with Sulfuric Acid (Affination) 6.4. Mobius Electrolysis 6.5. Balbach - Thum Electrolysis 7. Silver Compounds 7.1. Silver Nitrate 7.2. Silver Halides 7.3. Silver Oxides 7.4. Other Soluble Silver Compounds 7.5. Other Insoluble Silver Compounds 7.6. Silver Complexes 7.7. Explosive Silver Compounds 8. Disperse Silver 8.1. Silver Particles and Flakes 8.2. Colloidal Silver 9. Silver Alloys 9.1. Binary Silver Alloys 9.2. Ternary Silver Alloys 9.3. Quaternary Silver Alloys 9.4. Manufacturing 10. Uses 10.1. Coins 10.2. Jewelry 10.3. Medicine 10.4. Dentistry 10.5. Coatings 10.5.1. Silver Electroplating 10.5.2. Silver Plating by Chemical Reactions 10.5.3. Mechanical and Thermomechanical Plating 10.5.4. Physical Vapor Deposition 10.5.5. Firing Processes 10.6. Electronics and Electrical Technology 10.6.1. Electronics 10.6.2. Electrical Engineering 10.7. Brazing Alloys 10.8. Chemical Equipment 10.9. Catalysts 10.10. Photography 10.11. Uses of Nanoscale Silver 10.12. Other Uses 11. Specifications and Analysis 11.1. Qualities and Commercial Grades 11.2. Sampling 11.3. Qualitative Analysis 11.4. Quantitative Analysis 11.5. Purity Analysis 11.6. Trace Analysis 11.7. Argentometry 12. Economic Aspects 12.1. Production 12.2. Demand 13. Toxicology, Occupational Health, and Safety 13.1. Toxicology 13.2. Ecotoxicology 13.3. Explosion Hazards

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