Spatial Sound of Musical Instruments

Musical instruments create a spatial sound impression. This chapter provides an introduction to the acoustics of sound propagation from musical instruments. An overview of microphone array techniques to measure the sound radiation characteristics from the near and the far field is given. The complex point source model simplifies the physical constellation and describes what is heard by the listener. It serves as a simplification for psychoacoustic sound field synthesis for music presented in this book. Finally, the chapter illustrates strategies to visualize measured sound radiation properties.

[1]  Florian Pfeifle.  Physical model real-time auralisation of musical instruments : analysis and synthesis , 2016 .

[2]  Jørgen Hald.  Beamforming and Wavenumber Processing , 2008 .

[3]  Jens Holger Rindel,et al.  The influence of the directivity of musical instruments in a room , 2004 .

[4]  Mingsian R. Bai,et al.  Application of BEM (boundary element method)‐based acoustic holography to radiation analysis of sound sources with arbitrarily shaped geometries , 1992 .

[5]  Tim Ziemer.  Source Width in Music Production. Methods in Stereo, Ambisonics, and Wave Field Synthesis , 2017 .

[6]  John D. Meyer,et al.  Far-Field Loudspeaker Interaction: Accuracy in Theory and Practice , 2001 .

[7]  Rolf Bader,et al.  Psychoacoustic Sound Field Synthesis for Musical Instrument Radiation Characteristics , 2017 .

[8]  Frank Melchior,et al.  An Approach for Multichannel Recording and Reproduction of Sound Source Directivity , 2005 .

[9]  J. Ih,et al.  Inverse Boundary Element Techniques for the Holographic Identification of Vibro–Acoustic Source Parameters , 2008 .

[10]  Nils-Erik Molin,et al.  Optical methods of today for visualizing sound fields in musical acoustics , 2004 .

[11]  R. Bader.  Reconstruction of radiating sound fields using minimum energy method. , 2010, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[12]  Julian D. Maynard,et al.  Digital holographic reconstruction of sources with arbitrarily shaped surfaces , 1989 .

[13]  René Causse,et al.  Radiation Synthesis with Digitally Controlled Loudspeakers , 1997 .

[14]  Ning Xiang,et al.  Acoustics for Engineers , 2009 .

[15]  G. Arfken.  Mathematical Methods for Physicists , 1967 .

[16]  Jin Chen,et al.  Progress of the Patch Near-Field Acoustical Holography Technique , 2008 .

[17]  Tapio Lokki,et al.  Directivities of symphony orchestra instruments , 2010 .

[18]  C. Hutchins,et al.  The Acoustics of Violin Plates , 1981 .

[19]  Heinz Teutsch,et al.  Modal Array Signal Processing: Principles and Applications of Acoustic Wavefield Decomposition , 2007 .

[20]  Felipe Otondo,et al.  A new method for the radiation representation of musical instruments in auralizations. , 2005 .

[21]  J. D. Maynard,et al.  Nearfield acoustic holography: I. Theory of generalized holography and the development of NAH , 1985 .

[22]  Marije Alberdina Johanna Baalman.  On Wave Field Synthesis and electro-acoustic music, with a particular focus on the reproduction of arbitrarily shaped sound sources , 2008 .

[23]  Earl G. Williams.  Chapter 7 – Spherical Nearfield Acoustical Holography , 1999 .

[24]  Tim Ziemer,et al.  Complex point source model to calculate the sound field radiated from musical instruments , 2015 .

[25]  S. Müller.  Measuring Transfer-Functions and Impulse Responses , 2008 .

[26]  E. F. F. Chladni.  Entdeckungen über die Theorie des Klanges , 1967 .

[27]  Jens Ahrens,et al.  Analytic Methods of Sound Field Synthesis , 2012 .

[28]  E. M. Hulsebos.  Auralization using Wave Field Synthesis , 2004 .

[29]  S. Hayek.  Nearfield Acoustical Holography , 2008 .

[30]  Tim Ziemer.  Wave Field Synthesis , 2018 .

[31]  E. Williams,et al.  Fourier Acoustics: Sound Radiation and Nearfield Acoustical Holography , 1999 .

[32]  Sharon Gannot,et al.  Adaptive Beamforming and Postfiltering , 2008 .

[33]  M. Pollow,et al.  Auralization of a virtual orchestra using directivities of measured symphonic instruments , 2012 .

[34]  N. Molin.  Optical Methods for Acoustics and Vibration Measurements , 2014 .

[35]  A Avraham Hirschberg,et al.  Shock waves in trombones , 1996 .

[36]  Rolf Bader,et al.  Nonlinearities and Synchronization in Musical Acoustics and Music Psychology , 2013 .

[37]  Michael Vorlnder,et al.  Auralization: Fundamentals of Acoustics, Modelling, Simulation, Algorithms and Acoustic Virtual Reality , 2020 .

[38]  Rolf Bader.  Radiation characteristics of multiple and single sound hole vihuelas and a classical guitar. , 2012, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[39]  Fridolin P. Mechel.  Room Acoustical Fields , 2012 .