microRNAs as peripheral blood biomarkers of cardiovascular disease.

A host of studies have established essential roles for microRNAs in cardiovascular development and disease. Moreover, the discovery of stable microRNAs in bodily fluids indicated their potential as non-invasive biomarkers. In this review, we summarize the current studies describing microRNAs in blood cells or serum/plasma, as potential biomarkers of cardiovascular disease.

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[15]  Yue Li,et al.  Circulating microRNA: a novel potential biomarker for early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in humans. , 2010, European heart journal.

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[22]  Luigi Biancone,et al.  Exosomes/microvesicles as a mechanism of cell-to-cell communication. , 2010, Kidney international.

[23]  M. Ivan,et al.  miR‐210: More than a silent player in hypoxia , 2011, IUBMB life.

[24]  V. Kim,et al.  Biogenesis of small RNAs in animals , 2009, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology.

[25]  F. Sharp,et al.  Brain and Blood microRNA Expression Profiling of Ischemic Stroke, Intracerebral Hemorrhage, and Kainate Seizures , 2010, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[26]  E. Kroh,et al.  Argonaute2 complexes carry a population of circulating microRNAs independent of vesicles in human plasma , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

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[28]  Chunxiang Zhang,et al.  MicroRNA Expression Signature and Antisense-Mediated Depletion Reveal an Essential Role of MicroRNA in Vascular Neointimal Lesion Formation , 2007, Circulation research.

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[31]  V. Kim,et al.  The nuclear RNase III Drosha initiates microRNA processing , 2003, Nature.

[32]  S. Khanna,et al.  MicroRNA in ischemic stroke etiology and pathology. , 2011, Physiological genomics.

[33]  Ciro Indolfi,et al.  The knockout of miR-143 and -145 alters smooth muscle cell maintenance and vascular homeostasis in mice: correlates with human disease , 2009, Cell Death and Differentiation.

[34]  T. Leung,et al.  Detection and characterization of placental microRNAs in maternal plasma. , 2008, Clinical chemistry.

[35]  Stefanie Dimmeler,et al.  Circulating MicroRNAs in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease , 2010, Circulation research.

[36]  K. Vickers,et al.  MicroRNAs are Transported in Plasma and Delivered to Recipient Cells by High-Density Lipoproteins , 2011, Nature Cell Biology.

[37]  Jessica A. Weber,et al.  Export of microRNAs and microRNA-protective protein by mammalian cells , 2010, Nucleic acids research.

[38]  Chaoqian Xu,et al.  The muscle-specific microRNA miR-1 regulates cardiac arrhythmogenic potential by targeting GJA1 and KCNJ2 , 2011, Nature Medicine.

[39]  John McAnally,et al.  The endothelial-specific microRNA miR-126 governs vascular integrity and angiogenesis. , 2008, Developmental cell.

[40]  A. Pasquinelli,et al.  A Cellular Function for the RNA-Interference Enzyme Dicer in the Maturation of the let-7 Small Temporal RNA , 2001, Science.

[41]  Guo-Yuan Yang,et al.  MicroRNA-210 as a novel blood biomarker in acute cerebral ischemia. , 2011, Frontiers in bioscience.

[42]  R. D'Agostino,et al.  Von Willebrand Factor, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: The Framingham Offspring Study , 2008, Circulation.

[43]  Jordan S. Pober,et al.  Dicer Dependent MicroRNAs Regulate Gene Expression and Functions in Human Endothelial Cells , 2007, Circulation research.

[44]  Y. Lo,et al.  Stability of endogenous and added RNA in blood specimens, serum, and plasma. , 2002, Clinical chemistry.

[45]  A. Harris,et al.  Detection of elevated levels of tumour‐associated microRNAs in serum of patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma , 2008, British journal of haematology.

[46]  M. Hristov,et al.  Delivery of MicroRNA-126 by Apoptotic Bodies Induces CXCL12-Dependent Vascular Protection , 2009, Science Signaling.

[47]  Qinxi Li,et al.  Axin determines cell fate by controlling the p53 activation threshold after DNA damage , 2009, Nature Cell Biology.

[48]  Perry D Moerland,et al.  MiR423-5p As a Circulating Biomarker for Heart Failure , 2010, Circulation research.

[49]  G. Hirokawa,et al.  Plasma miR-208 as a biomarker of myocardial injury. , 2009, Clinical chemistry.

[50]  C. Croce,et al.  MicroRNA-133 controls cardiac hypertrophy , 2007, Nature Medicine.

[51]  Hugo A. Katus,et al.  MicroRNA signatures in total peripheral blood as novel biomarkers for acute myocardial infarction , 2010, Basic Research in Cardiology.

[52]  Stefanie Dimmeler,et al.  Role of Dicer and Drosha for Endothelial MicroRNA Expression and Angiogenesis , 2007, Circulation research.

[53]  M. Siomi,et al.  Posttranscriptional regulation of microRNA biogenesis in animals. , 2010, Molecular cell.

[54]  Thomas Thum,et al.  MicroRNAs in the Human Heart: A Clue to Fetal Gene Reprogramming in Heart Failure , 2007 .

[55]  Kunihiro Nishimura,et al.  Plasma microRNA 499 as a biomarker of acute myocardial infarction. , 2010, Clinical chemistry.

[56]  Justin J. Cassidy,et al.  Silencing by small RNAs is linked to endosome trafficking , 2009, Nature Cell Biology.

[57]  George A. Calin,et al.  MicroRNA identification in plasma and serum: a new tool to diagnose and monitor diseases , 2009, Expert opinion on biological therapy.

[58]  B. Davis-Dusenbery,et al.  Mechanisms of control of microRNA biogenesis. , 2010, Journal of biochemistry.

[59]  A. Armugam,et al.  MicroRNA Expression in the Blood and Brain of Rats Subjected to Transient Focal Ischemia by Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion , 2008, Stroke.

[60]  S. Srikantan,et al.  HuR recruits let-7/RISC to repress c-Myc expression. , 2009, Genes & development.

[61]  H. Nonogi,et al.  Assessment of plasma miRNAs in congestive heart failure. , 2011, Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society.

[62]  M. Latronico,et al.  microRNAs in heart disease: putative novel therapeutic targets? , 2010, European heart journal.

[63]  J. Lötvall,et al.  Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells , 2007, Nature Cell Biology.

[64]  K. Tan,et al.  Expression Profile of MicroRNAs in Young Stroke Patients , 2009, PloS one.

[65]  Scott A Gerber,et al.  Dicer-dependent endothelial microRNAs are necessary for postnatal angiogenesis , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[66]  G. Condorelli,et al.  Deregulation of microRNA-503 Contributes to Diabetes Mellitus–Induced Impairment of Endothelial Function and Reparative Angiogenesis After Limb Ischemia , 2011, Circulation.

[67]  B. Burwinkel,et al.  Characterization of extracellular circulating microRNA , 2011, Nucleic acids research.

[68]  Sanghyuk Lee,et al.  MicroRNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase II , 2004, The EMBO journal.

[69]  Muneesh Tewari,et al.  Analysis of circulating microRNA biomarkers in plasma and serum using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR). , 2010, Methods.

[70]  Daniel B. Martin,et al.  Circulating microRNAs as stable blood-based markers for cancer detection , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[71]  Stefanie Dimmeler,et al.  MicroRNA-92a Controls Angiogenesis and Functional Recovery of Ischemic Tissues in Mice , 2009, Science.

[72]  D. Glavač,et al.  MicroRNAs miR-1, miR-133a, miR-133b and miR-208 Are Dysregulated in Human Myocardial Infarction , 2009, Cardiology.

[73]  M. Mayr,et al.  Plasma MicroRNA Profiling Reveals Loss of Endothelial MiR-126 and Other MicroRNAs in Type 2 Diabetes , 2010, Circulation research.

[74]  Yanrui Li,et al.  miR-499 regulates mitochondrial dynamics by targeting calcineurin and dynamin-related protein-1 , 2011, Nature Medicine.

[75]  E. Olson,et al.  A signature pattern of stress-responsive microRNAs that can evoke cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[76]  Jan A Staessen,et al.  Circulating MicroRNA-208b and MicroRNA-499 Reflect Myocardial Damage in Cardiovascular Disease , 2010, Circulation. Cardiovascular genetics.

[77]  E. Lund,et al.  Substrate selectivity of exportin 5 and Dicer in the biogenesis of microRNAs. , 2006, Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology.

[78]  Stefano Piccolo,et al.  MicroRNA control of signal transduction , 2010, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology.

[79]  J Ratajczak,et al.  Membrane-derived microvesicles: important and underappreciated mediators of cell-to-cell communication , 2006, Leukemia.

[80]  Fabio Martelli,et al.  MicroRNA-210 Modulates Endothelial Cell Response to Hypoxia and Inhibits the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Ligand Ephrin-A3* , 2008, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[81]  Olivier Voinnet,et al.  Revisiting the principles of microRNA target recognition and mode of action , 2009, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology.

[82]  X. Chen,et al.  Characterization of microRNAs in serum: a novel class of biomarkers for diagnosis of cancer and other diseases , 2008, Cell Research.

[83]  Federica Limana,et al.  Circulating microRNAs are new and sensitive biomarkers of myocardial infarction , 2010, European heart journal.

[84]  Reuven Agami,et al.  RNA-Binding Protein Dnd1 Inhibits MicroRNA Access to Target mRNA , 2007, Cell.