Biased GLP‐2 agonist with strong G protein‐coupling but impaired arrestin recruitment and receptor desensitization enhances intestinal growth in mice

Glucagon‐like peptide‐2 (GLP‐2) is secreted postprandially by enteroendocrine L‐cells and stimulates growth of the gut and bone. One GLP‐2 analogue is approved for short bowel syndrome (SBS). To improve therapeutic efficacy, we developed biased GLP‐2 receptor (GLP‐2R) agonists through N‐terminal modifications.

[1]  Christopher H George,et al.  Planning experiments: Updated guidance on experimental design and analysis and their reporting III , 2022, British journal of pharmacology.

[2]  J. Holst,et al.  N‐terminal alterations turn the gut hormone GLP‐2 into an antagonist with gradual loss of GLP‐2 receptor selectivity towards more GLP‐1 receptor interaction , 2022, British journal of pharmacology.

[3]  J. Holst,et al.  Novel agonist and antagonist radioligands for the GLP‐2 receptor. Useful tools for studies of basic GLP‐2 receptor pharmacology , 2021, British journal of pharmacology.

[4]  Stephen P. H. Alexander,et al.  THE CONCISE GUIDE TO PHARMACOLOGY 2021/22: G protein‐coupled receptors , 2021, British journal of pharmacology.

[5]  M. Rosenkilde,et al.  Biased action of the CXCR4-targeting drug plerixafor is essential for its superior hematopoietic stem cell mobilization , 2021, Communications biology.

[6]  T. Frimurer,et al.  Investigating GIPR (ant)agonism: A structural analysis of GIP and its receptor. , 2021, Structure.

[7]  J. Holst,et al.  The Role of Incretins on Insulin Function and Glucose Homeostasis , 2021, Endocrinology.

[8]  J. Holst,et al.  GLP-1 Val8: A Biased GLP-1R Agonist with Altered Binding Kinetics and Impaired Release of Pancreatic Hormones in Rats. , 2021, ACS pharmacology & translational science.

[9]  M. Rosenkilde,et al.  A unique hormonal recognition feature of the human glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor , 2020, Cell Research.

[10]  K. Duffin,et al.  Dual GIP and GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Tirzepatide Improves Beta-cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetes , 2020, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[11]  J. Holst,et al.  Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist , 2020, JCI insight.

[12]  Ulrich Dirnagl,et al.  The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research* , 2020, BMC Veterinary Research.

[13]  Christopher H George,et al.  ARRIVE 2.0 and the British Journal of Pharmacology: Updated guidance for 2020 , 2020, British journal of pharmacology.

[14]  J. Holst,et al.  Pharmacological activation of TGR5 promotes intestinal growth via a GLP-2 dependent pathway in mice. , 2020, American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology.

[15]  L. Heitman,et al.  Perspective: Implications of Ligand-Receptor Binding Kinetics for Therapeutic Targeting of G Protein-Coupled Receptors. , 2020, ACS pharmacology & translational science.

[16]  Hualiang Jiang,et al.  Full-length human GLP-1 receptor structure without orthosteric ligands , 2020, Nature Communications.

[17]  J. Madsen,et al.  Effect of Glepaglutide, a Long-Acting Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Analog, on Gastrointestinal Transit Time and Motility in Patients With Short Bowel Syndrome: Findings From a Randomized Trial. , 2020, JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition.

[18]  M. Rosenkilde,et al.  Enhanced agonist residence time, internalization rate and signalling of the GIP receptor variant [E354Q] facilitate receptor desensitization and long‐term impairment of the GIP system , 2019, Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology.

[19]  J. Holst,et al.  GLP-2 and GIP exert separate effects on bone turnover: A randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study in healthy young men. , 2019, Bone.

[20]  M. Achiam,et al.  Effects of glepaglutide, a novel long-acting glucagon-like peptide-2 analogue, on markers of liver status in patients with short bowel syndrome: findings from a randomised phase 2 trial , 2019, EBioMedicine.

[21]  J. Holst,et al.  Gut Hormones and Their Effect on Bone Metabolism. Potential Drug Therapies in Future Osteoporosis Treatment , 2019, Front. Endocrinol..

[22]  W. Baumeister,et al.  Cryo-EM structure of the active, Gs-protein complexed, human CGRP receptor , 2018, Nature.

[23]  M. Babu,et al.  Mechanisms of signalling and biased agonism in G protein-coupled receptors , 2018, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology.

[24]  P. Brubaker Glucagon-like Peptide-2 and the Regulation of Intestinal Growth and Function. , 2018, Comprehensive Physiology.

[25]  G. Rutter,et al.  Targeting GLP-1 receptor trafficking to improve agonist efficacy , 2018, Nature Communications.

[26]  M. Rosenkilde,et al.  Human GIP(3‐30)NH2 inhibits G protein‐dependent as well as G protein‐independent signaling and is selective for the GIP receptor with high‐affinity binding to primate but not rodent GIP receptors , 2018, Biochemical pharmacology.

[27]  Hualiang Jiang,et al.  Structure of the glucagon receptor in complex with a glucagon analogue , 2018, Nature.

[28]  T. Schwartz,et al.  Structural biology: Full monty of family B GPCRs. , 2017, Nature chemical biology.

[29]  R. Sunahara,et al.  Genetic evidence that β-arrestins are dispensable for the initiation of β2-adrenergic receptor signaling to ERK , 2017, Science Signaling.

[30]  T. S. Kobilka,et al.  Cryo-EM structure of the activated GLP-1 receptor in complex with G protein , 2017, Nature.

[31]  Chris de Graaf,et al.  Human GLP-1 receptor transmembrane domain structure in complex with allosteric modulators , 2017, Nature.

[32]  Henry Lin,et al.  Structure-based discovery of opioid analgesics with reduced side effects , 2016, Nature.

[33]  J. Holst,et al.  N‐terminally and C‐terminally truncated forms of glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide are high‐affinity competitive antagonists of the human GIP receptor , 2016, British journal of pharmacology.

[34]  J. Holst,et al.  Species‐specific action of (Pro3)GIP – a full agonist at human GIP receptors, but a partial agonist and competitive antagonist at rat and mouse GIP receptors , 2015, British journal of pharmacology.

[35]  P. Jeppesen Gut hormones in the treatment of short-bowel syndrome and intestinal failure , 2015, Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity.

[36]  Lynn R. Webster,et al.  Biased agonism of the μ-opioid receptor by TRV130 increases analgesia and reduces on-target adverse effects versus morphine: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study in healthy volunteers , 2014, PAIN®.

[37]  T. Hansen,et al.  A functional amino acid substitution in the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR) gene is associated with lower bone mineral density and increased fracture risk. , 2014, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[38]  B. Hartmann,et al.  Effect of glucagon-like peptide-2 exposure on bone resorption: Effectiveness of high concentration versus prolonged exposure , 2013, Regulatory Peptides.

[39]  C. Hewage,et al.  Conformational and molecular interaction studies of glucagon‐like peptide‐2 with its N‐terminal extracellular receptor domain , 2011, FEBS letters.

[40]  Dana L. Johnson,et al.  GLP-2 Receptor Agonism Ameliorates Inflammation and Gastrointestinal Stasis in Murine Postoperative Ileus , 2010, Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.

[41]  J. Holst,et al.  Four-month treatment with GLP-2 significantly increases hip BMD: a randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study in postmenopausal women with low BMD. , 2009, Bone.

[42]  R. Rudolph,et al.  Passing the baton in class B GPCRs: peptide hormone activation via helix induction? , 2009, Trends in biochemical sciences.

[43]  J. Holst,et al.  Glucagon-like peptide-2 increases mesenteric blood flow in humans , 2009, Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology.

[44]  M. Mouksassi,et al.  Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Teduglutide, a Glucagon‐Like Peptide‐2 (GLP‐2) Analog, Following Multiple Ascending Subcutaneous Administrations in Healthy Subjects , 2008, Journal of clinical pharmacology.

[45]  J. Holst,et al.  Reduction in bone resorption by exogenous glucagon-like peptide-2 administration requires an intact gastrointestinal tract , 2008, Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology.

[46]  R. Rudolph,et al.  Crystal structure of the incretin-bound extracellular domain of a G protein-coupled receptor , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[47]  S. Hoare,et al.  Mechanisms of peptide and nonpeptide ligand binding to Class B G-protein-coupled receptors. , 2005, Drug discovery today.

[48]  J. Holst,et al.  Glucagon‐like peptide‐2 inhibits antral emptying in man, but is not as potent as glucagon‐like peptide‐1 , 2004, Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology.

[49]  J. Holst,et al.  Role of Gastrointestinal Hormones in Postprandial Reduction of Bone Resorption , 2003, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[50]  H. Schiöth,et al.  The G-protein-coupled receptors in the human genome form five main families. Phylogenetic analysis, paralogon groups, and fingerprints. , 2003, Molecular pharmacology.

[51]  J. Holst,et al.  The truncated metabolite GLP-2 (3–33) interacts with the GLP-2 receptor as a partial agonist , 2002, Regulatory Peptides.

[52]  J. Holst,et al.  Glucagon-like peptide 2 improves nutrient absorption and nutritional status in short-bowel patients with no colon. , 2001, Gastroenterology.

[53]  B. Yusta,et al.  Structural determinants for activity of glucagon-like peptide-2. , 2000, Biochemistry.

[54]  J. Holst,et al.  In vivo and in vitro degradation of glucagon-like peptide-2 in humans. , 2000, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[55]  D. Drucker Glucagon-like Peptide 2 , 1999, Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism.

[56]  B. Evers,et al.  Glucagon-like peptide 2 is a potent growth factor for small intestine and colon , 1998, Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.

[57]  D. Drucker,et al.  Regulation of the biological activity of glucagon-like peptide 2 in vivo by dipeptidyl peptidase IV , 1997, Nature Biotechnology.

[58]  D. Drucker,et al.  Induction of intestinal epithelial proliferation by glucagon-like peptide 2. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[59]  J. Holst,et al.  Glucagon-like peptides GLP-1 and GLP-2, predicted products of the glucagon gene, are secreted separately from pig small intestine but not pancreas. , 1986, Endocrinology.

[60]  Larry J. Miller Gut Hormones , 1978, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society.

[61]  Genetic Evidence , 2021, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology.

[62]  D. Andersson,et al.  Efficacy and safety , 2018 .

[63]  岩井 孝志 Glucagon-like peptideの精神・神経障害に対する作用 , 2010 .

[64]  B. Stoll,et al.  GLP-2 rapidly activates divergent intracellular signaling pathways involved in intestinal cell survival and proliferation in neonatal piglets. , 2007, American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism.

[65]  J. Holst,et al.  GLP-2 receptor localizes to enteric neurons and endocrine cells expressing vasoactive peptides and mediates increased blood flow. , 2006, Gastroenterology.

[66]  P. Brubaker,et al.  Glucagon-like Peptides: GLP-1 and GLP-2 , 2003 .

[67]  B. Yusta,et al.  Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-2 reduces chemotherapy-associated mortality and enhances cell survival in cells expressing a transfected GLP-2 receptor. , 2001, Cancer research.

[68]  Quan Da Poly(dl-lactide)/Hydroxyapatite Composite III. in vivo and in vitro Degradation , 2000 .

[69]  D. Drucker,et al.  Intestinal response to growth factors administered alone or in combination with human [Gly2]glucagon-like peptide 2. , 1997, The American journal of physiology.