Representative roughness parameters for homogeneous terrain
暂无分享,去创建一个
[1] P. A. Sheppard. The aerodynamic drag of the earth’s surface and the value of von Karman’s constant in the lower atmosphere , 1947, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.
[2] F. Pasquill. The aerodynamic drag of grassland , 1950, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.
[3] M. Jensen,et al. Shelter effect: investigations into the aerodynamics of shelter and its effects on climate and crops , 1954 .
[4] H. Charnock. Wind stress on a water surface , 1955 .
[5] A. Baumgartner. Untersuchungen über den Wärme- und Wasserhaushalt eines jungen Waldes , 1956 .
[6] W. Elliott,et al. The growth of the atmospheric internal boundary layer , 1958 .
[7] C. Priestley. Estimation of surface stress and heat flux from profile data , 1959 .
[8] C. B. Tanner,et al. Potential evapotranspiration estimates by the approximate energy balance method of Penman , 1960 .
[9] Alan G. Davenport,et al. Rationale for Determining Design Wind Velocities , 1960 .
[10] F. A. Brooks. NEED FOR MEASURING HORIZONTAL GRADIENTS IN DETERMINING VERTICAL EDDY TRANSFERS OF HEAT AND MOISTURE , 1961 .
[11] M. Shiotani. The Relationship between wind Profiles and Stabilities of the Air Layer in the Outskirts of the City , 1962 .
[12] E. F. Bradley,et al. Horizontal transport of heat and moisture — a micrometeorological study , 1963 .
[13] I. F. Long,et al. The plant and its environment , 1964 .
[14] P. R. Owen,et al. Saltation of uniform grains in air , 1964, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.
[15] John L. Lumley,et al. The structure of atmospheric turbulence , 1964 .
[16] On Roughness Length and Zero-Plane Displacement in the Wind Profile of the Lowest Air Layer , 1966 .
[17] Determination of the Effect of Roughness Change on the Wind Profile , 1967 .
[18] L. Olsson,et al. accuracy of wind measurements on towers or stacks1,2 , 1967 .
[19] E. F. Bradley. A micrometeorological study of velocity profiles and surface drag in the region modified by a change in surface roughness , 1968 .
[20] W. Baier,et al. The performance of soil moisture estimates as compared with the direct use of climatological data for estimating crop yields , 1968 .
[21] H. Tennekes,et al. Asymptotic Similarity in Neutral Barotropic Planetary Boundary Layers , 1968 .
[22] H. Lettau. Note on Aerodynamic Roughness-Parameter Estimation on the Basis of Roughness-Element Description , 1969 .
[23] G. Szeicz,et al. Aerodynamic and surface factors in evaporation , 1969 .
[24] E. Peterson,et al. On the Relation between the Shear Stress and the Velocity Profile after a Change in Surface Roughness , 1969 .
[25] E. W. Peterson,et al. Modification of mean flow and turbulent energy by a change in surface roughness under conditions of neutral stability , 1969 .
[26] S. D. Smith,et al. Wind stress and turbulence over ice in the Gulf of St. Lawrence , 1970 .
[27] C. Stearns. Determining surface roughness and displacement height , 1970 .
[28] A. Thom. Momentum absorption by vegetation , 1971 .
[29] J. Counehan,et al. Wind tunnel determination of the roughness length as a function of the fetch and the roughness density of three-dimensional roughness elements , 1971 .
[30] J. Kondo. Relationship Between the Roughness Coefficient and Other Aerodynamic Parameters , 1971 .
[31] G. S. Raynor. Wind and Temperature Structure in a Coniferous Forest and a Contiguous Field , 1971 .
[32] E. F. Bradley. The influence of thermal stability of a drag coefficient measured close to the ground , 1971 .
[33] H. Oliver. Wind profiles in and above a forest canopy , 1971 .
[34] C. Stearns. The effect of time-variable fluxes on mean wind and temperature profile structure , 1971 .
[35] E. Peterson. Predictions of the Momentum Exchange Coefficient for Flow over Heterogeneous Terrain , 1971 .
[36] Julian C. R. Hunt,et al. The effect of single buildings and structures , 1971, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences.
[37] J. K Marshall,et al. Drag measurements in roughness arrays of varying density and distribution , 1971 .
[38] F. Pasquill,et al. Some aspects of boundary layer description , 1972 .
[39] Hans A. Panofsky,et al. The geostrophic drag coefficient and the ‘effective’ roughness length , 1972 .
[40] William H. Snyder,et al. Similarity criteria for the application of fluid models to the study of air pollution meteorology , 1972 .
[41] C. Shir. A Numerical Computation of Air Flow over a Sudden Change of Surface Roughness , 1972 .
[42] S. Nemoto. Some Considerations on the Atmospheric Internal Boundary Layer over the Ground Surface , 1972 .
[43] J. Wieringa. Tilt errors and precipitation effects in trivane measurements of turbulent fluxes over open water , 1972 .
[44] M. P. Langleben. A study of the roughness parameters of sea ice from wind profiles , 1972 .
[45] R. R. Brook. The Measurement of Turbulence in a City Environment , 1972 .
[46] G. McBean. Instrument Requirements for Eddy Correlation Measurements , 1972 .
[47] J. Robertson,et al. Spatial and Temporal Variation of Wind Above and Within a Soybean Canopy , 1972 .
[48] Stuart D. Smith. Wind stress and turbulence over a flat ice floe , 1972 .
[49] D. S. Munro,et al. Estimating wind profile parameters for tall dense crops , 1973 .
[50] E. F. Bradley,et al. Drag due to regular arrays of roughness elements of varying geometry , 1973 .
[51] J. Wieringa,et al. Gust factors over open water and built-up country , 1973 .
[52] Estimated and Measured Roughness Parameters for a Pine Forest , 1973 .
[53] H. Tennekes,et al. The Logarithmic Wind Profile , 1973 .
[54] B. Séguin. Rugosite du paysage et evapotranspiration potentielle a l'echelle regionale , 1973 .
[55] M. P. Langleben. On wind profiles over sea ice , 1974 .
[56] B. Hicks,et al. Drag and bulk transfer coefficients associated with a shallow water surface , 1974 .
[57] J. Wyngaard,et al. The Structure of the Two-Dimensional Internal Boundary Layer over a Sudden Change of Surface Roughness , 1974 .
[58] Shearing Stress Meter , 1974 .
[59] I. Seginer. Aerodynamic roughness of vegetated surfaces , 1974 .
[60] Wilfried Brutsaert,et al. Comments on Surface Roughness Parameters and the Height of Dense Vegetation , 1975 .
[61] J. Garratt. Limitations of the Eddy-correlation technique for the determination of turbulent fluxes near the surface , 1975 .
[62] W. Brutsaert. The Roughness Length for Water Vapor Sensible Heat, and Other Scalars. , 1975 .
[63] D. S. Munro,et al. Aerodynamic boundary-layer adjustment over a crop in neutral stability , 1975 .
[64] S. Arya,et al. A drag partition theory for determining the large-scale roughness parameter and wind stress on the Arctic pack ice , 1975 .
[65] Atmospheric-stability effect on windbreak shelter and drag , 1975 .
[66] J. Gash,et al. Comparison of aerodynamic and energy budget estimates of fluxes over a pine forest , 1975 .
[67] R. Angle. Airflow from mustard to fallow , 1975 .
[68] B. Hicks,et al. Wind profile relationships from the ‘wangara’ experiment , 1976 .
[69] N. A. Jackson. The propagation of modified flow downstream of a change in roughness , 1976 .
[70] H. Panofsky,et al. Statistics of vertical motion over land and water , 1976 .
[71] E. Peterson,et al. Some observations and analysis of wind over non‐uniform terrain , 1976 .
[72] J. Wieringa,et al. An objective exposure correction method for average wind speeds measured at a sheltered location , 1976 .
[73] Leif Kristensen,et al. Cup Anemometer Overspeeding , 1976 .
[75] A. Weiss,et al. Vertical and horizontal air flow above rows of a vineyard , 1976 .
[76] E. D. Ford,et al. The canopy of a Scots pine forest: Description of a surface of complex roughness , 1976 .
[77] J. Garratt. Review of Drag Coefficients over Oceans and Continents , 1977 .
[78] S. Arya. Suggested Revisions to Certain Boundary Layer Parameterization Schemes Used in Atmospheric Circulation Models , 1977 .
[79] H. Panofsky,et al. WIND STRUCTURE IN STRONG WINDS BELOW 150 M , 1977 .
[80] W. Wiseman,et al. Correction: 'Temporal variation of surface roughness over a Tundra surface' , 1977 .
[81] Jürgen Wucknitz,et al. Disturbance of wind profile measurements by a slim mast , 1977 .
[82] A study of the roughness effects of multiple windbreaks , 1977 .
[83] Some thoughts on the specification of the boundary-layer relevant to numerical modelling , 1977 .
[84] Forest and Airport Wind Speeds , 1978 .
[85] J. Carroll,et al. Aerodynamic roughness as a function of wind direction over asymmetric surface elements , 1978 .
[86] R. Leuning,et al. Mass, heat and momentum exchange between a mature eucalyptus forest and the atmosphere , 1978 .
[87] J. Monteith,et al. Boundary Layer Climates. , 1979 .
[88] Emil Simiu,et al. Mean Wind Profiles and Change of Terrain Roughness , 1978 .
[89] B. Saugier,et al. Evaluation of the aerodynamic method of determining fluxes over natural grassland , 1978 .
[90] J. Garratt. Flux profile relations above tall vegetation , 1978 .
[91] Frans T. M. Nieuwstadt,et al. The computation of the friction velocity u* and the temperature scale T* from temperature and wind velocity profiles by least-square methods , 1978 .
[92] U. Högström,et al. A Practical Method for Determining Wind Frequency Distributions for the Lowest 200 m from Routine Meteorological Data , 1978 .
[93] Niels Otto Jensen,et al. Change of surface roughness and the planetary boundary layer , 1978 .
[94] E. Deacon. The role of coral mucus in reducing the wind drag over coral reefs , 1979 .
[95] J. Højstrup,et al. Observations of downwind development of wind speed and variance profiles at Bognaes and comparison with theory , 1979 .
[96] N. Thompson. Turbulence measurements above a pine forest , 1979 .
[97] E. Gorham,et al. Shoot height, weight and standing crop in relation to density of monospecific plant stands , 1979, Nature.
[98] B. E. Lee,et al. A wind tunnel study of the mean pressure forces acting on large groups of low-rise buildings , 1980 .
[99] T. Oke,et al. Suburban Energy Balance Estimates for Vancouver, B.C., Using the Bowen Ratio-Energy Balance Approach , 1980 .
[100] Michael R. Raupach,et al. A wind-tunnel study of turbulent flow close to regularly arrayed rough surfaces , 1980 .
[101] J. R. Garratt,et al. Surface influence upon vertical profiles in the atmospheric near-surface layer , 1980 .
[102] J. Wieringa,et al. A revaluation of the Kansas mast influence on measurements of stress and cup anemometer overspeeding , 1980 .
[103] EFFECT OF HIGH ROUGHNESS ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF TURBULENCE IN CASES OF STRONG WINDS , 1980 .
[104] Jin Wu,et al. Wind-Stress coefficients over Sea surface near Neutral Conditions—A Revisit , 1980 .
[105] J. Wieringa,et al. Estimation of Mesoscale and Local-Scale Roughness for Atmospheric Transport Modeling , 1981 .
[106] H. Vugts,et al. Measurements of Drag Coefficients and Roughness Length at a Sea-Beach Interface , 1981 .
[107] I. F. Long,et al. Aerodynamic properties of field bean and potato crops , 1981 .
[108] C. Sacre. Strong wind structure near a sea-land roughness discontinuity , 1981 .
[109] S. Tajchman. Comments on Measuring Turbulent Exchange Within and Above Forest Canopy , 1981 .
[110] B. Hicks,et al. Heat and momentum transfer characteristics of adjacent fields of soybeans and maize , 1981 .
[111] A. Thom,et al. Turbulence in and above Plant Canopies , 1981 .
[112] P. Jackson. On the displacement height in the logarithmic velocity profile , 1981, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.
[113] J. Kondo,et al. The Determination of the von Karman Constant , 1982 .
[114] A. Beljaars,et al. The derivation of fluxes from profiles in perturbed areas , 1982 .
[115] D. Steyn,et al. Turbulence in an unstable surface layer over suburban terrain , 1982 .
[116] Sylvain M. Joffre,et al. Momentum and heat transfers in the surface layer over a frozen sea , 1982 .
[117] J. Andreopoulos,et al. The response of a turbulent boundary layer to a short length of surface roughness , 1982, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.
[118] R. Shaw,et al. Aerodynamic roughness of a plant canopy: A numerical experiment , 1982 .
[119] R. A. Schmidt,et al. Vertical profiles of wind speed, snow concentration, and humidity in blowing snow , 1982 .
[120] J. Wieringa. Description requirements for assessment of non-ideal wind stations — for example Aachen. , 1983 .
[121] On wakes and the net forces produced by surface-mounted obstacles in neutrally stratified atmospheric boundary layers , 1983 .
[122] S. Macklin. Wind drag coefficient over first‐year sea ice in the Bering Sea , 1983 .
[123] H. Dop. Terrain classification and derived meteorological parameters for interregional transport models , 1983 .
[124] A. C. Chamberlain. Roughness length of sea, sand, and snow , 1983 .
[125] D. Baldocchi,et al. Characteristics of air flow above and within soybean canopies , 1983 .
[126] J. Wallace,et al. A comparison of methods for estimating aerodynamic resistance of heather (calluna vulgaris (L.) hull) in the field , 1984 .
[127] H. Panofsky,et al. Atmospheric Turbulence: Models and Methods for Engineering Applications , 1984 .
[128] H. Tennekes,et al. Similarity Relations, Scaling Laws and Spectral Dynamics , 1984 .
[129] Albert A. M. Holtslag,et al. Estimates of diabatic wind speed profiles from near-surface weather observations , 1984 .
[130] Simplified calculation of the zero-plane displacement from wind-speed profiles , 1984 .
[131] R. Pielke. Mesoscale Meteorological Modeling , 1984 .
[132] C. J. Moore,et al. Zero-plane displacement and roughness length for tall vegetation, derived from a simple mass conservation hypothesis , 1985 .
[133] J. Overland. Atmospheric boundary layer structure and drag coefficients over sea ice , 1985 .
[134] R. Goble,et al. Roughness effects on urban turbulence parameters , 1986 .
[135] S. Verma,et al. Aerodynamic characteristics of grain sorghum , 1986 .
[136] Stig Karlsson,et al. The applicability of wind profile formulas to an urban-rural interface site , 1986 .
[137] A. J. Dolman,et al. Estimates of roughness length and zero plane displacement for a foliated and non-foliated oak canopy , 1986 .
[138] J. Kondo,et al. Bulk transfer coefficient over a snow surface , 1986 .
[139] R. A. Schmidt,et al. Transport rate of drifting snow and the mean wind speed profile , 1986 .
[140] Dennis D. Baldocchi,et al. Turbulence spectra of CO2, water vapor, temperature and velocity over a deciduous forest , 1986 .
[141] Nicholas John Cook,et al. The Designer's Guide To Wind Loading Of Building Structures , 1986 .
[142] W. Kustas,et al. Wind profile constants in a neutral atmospheric boundary layer over complex terrain , 1986 .
[143] J. Wieringa. Roughness‐dependent geographical interpolation of surface wind speed averages , 1986 .
[144] J. Gash,et al. Observations of turbulence downwind of a forest-heath interface , 1986 .
[145] C. Valancogne,et al. Variation de la vitesse du vent a l'interieur et au-dessus d'une vigne , 1987 .
[146] Peter A. Taylor,et al. Comments and further analysis on effective roughness lengths for use in numerical three-dimensional models , 1987 .
[147] Zur aerodynamischen Rauhigkeit arktischer Meereusflä , 1987 .
[148] A. C. M. Beljaars. On the memory of wind standard deviation for upstream roughness , 1987 .
[149] Variability of turbulent momentum fluxes over a tideland ― a case study , 1987 .
[150] J. Walmsley. On theoretical wind speed and temperature profiles over the sea with applications to data from sable island, Nova Scotia , 1988 .
[151] Niels Gylling Mortensen,et al. WAsP. Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Programme. User's Guide. Release 1.00 and Release 2.00 , 1988 .
[152] Adrie F. G. Jacobs,et al. Changes of the displacement height and roughness length of maize during a growing season , 1988 .
[153] R. Shaw,et al. Influence of foliar density and thermal stability on profiles of Reynolds stress and turbulence intensity in a deciduous forest , 1988 .
[154] R. Stull. An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology , 1988 .
[155] P. J. Mason,et al. The formation of areally‐averaged roughness lengths , 1988 .
[156] R. Pinker,et al. Turbulence structure of a tropical forest , 1988 .
[157] H. Bergström,et al. Turbulent exchange above a pine forest II. Organized structures , 1989 .
[158] Marc B. Parlange,et al. Regional roughness of the landes forest and surface shear stress under neutral conditions , 1989 .
[159] P. Schwerdtfeger,et al. Flux‐gradient relationships for momentum and heat over a rough natural surface , 1989 .
[160] J. Wieringa,et al. SHAPES OF ANNUAL FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS OF WIND SPEED OBSERVED ON HIGH METEOROLOGICAL MASTS , 1989 .
[161] Sven Halldin,et al. Turbulent exchange above a pine forest, I: Fluxes and gradients , 1989 .
[162] J. Walmsley,et al. Internal boundary-layer height formulae — A comparison with atmospheric data , 1989 .
[163] J. M. Rees,et al. THE STABLE ANTARCTIC BOUNDARY LAYER EXPERIMENT AT HALLEY STATION , 1989 .
[164] B. Choudhury,et al. Estimate of the aerodynamic roughness parameters over an incomplete canopy cover of cotton , 1989 .
[165] R. Shaw,et al. Observation of organized structure in turbulent flow within and above a forest canopy , 1989 .
[166] F. Chen. Turbulent characteristics over a rough natural surface part I: Turbulent structures , 1990 .
[167] J. King. Some measurements of turbulence over an antarctic ice shelf , 1990 .
[168] M. Claussen. Area-averaging of surface fluxes in a neutrally stratified, horizontally inhomogeneous atmospheric boundary layer , 1990 .
[169] R. J. Kind,et al. Mechanics of aeolian transport of snow and sand , 1990 .
[170] A. Lo. On the determination of zero-plane displacement and roughness length for flow over forest canopies , 1990 .
[171] J. Kondo,et al. The Influence of Canopy Structure and Density upon the Mixing Length within and above Vegetation , 1990 .
[172] J. R. Garratt,et al. The internal boundary layer — A review , 1990 .
[173] Stefan Emeis. Pressure Drag of Obstacles in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer , 1990 .
[174] R. Vogt,et al. Evaporation from a pine forest - using the aerodynamic method and bowen ratio method , 1990 .
[175] Antonio O. Manzi,et al. Micrometeorological measurements in Amazon forest during GTE/ABLE 2A mission , 1990 .
[176] P. Mason,et al. Observations of boundary-layer structure over complex terrain , 1990 .
[177] Turbulent characteristics over a rough natural surface part II: Responses of profiles to turbulence , 1990 .
[178] Hans Peter Schmid,et al. A model to estimate the source area contributing to turbulent exchange in the surface layer over patchy terrain , 1990 .
[179] W. A. Oost,et al. The roughness of wind waves , 1991 .
[180] Kenneth L. Davidson,et al. The aerodynamic roughness of different types of sea ice , 1991 .
[181] Martin Claussen,et al. Estimation of areally-averaged surface fluxes , 1991 .
[182] Albert A. M. Holtslag,et al. Flux Parameterization over Land Surfaces for Atmospheric Models , 1991 .
[183] H. W. Tieleman,et al. Wind characteristics in the surface layer over heterogeneous terrain , 1992 .
[184] Jon Wieringa,et al. Updating the Davenport roughness classification , 1992 .