Breast cancer: a review of the literature.

This article presents a comprehensive review of the Breast Cancer literature examining epidemiology, diagnosis, pathology, "benign" breast disease, breast carcinoma in situ syndromes, staging, and post-treatment surveillance among many topics. Breast cancer remains the most commonly occurring cancer in women. Breast cancer detection, treatment, and prevention are prominent issues in public health and medical practice. Background information on developments in these arenas is provided so that medical directors can continue to update their approach to the assessment of breast cancer risk.

[1]  G. Schwartz,et al.  [The consensus conference on the treatment of in situ ductal carcinoma of the breast, April 22-25, 1999]. , 2000, Bulletin du cancer.

[2]  Taylor Murray,et al.  Cancer Statistics, 2001 , 2001, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians.

[3]  M. Dowsett,et al.  Re: Reversal of relation between body mass and endogenous estrogen concentrations with menopausal status. , 1996, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[4]  B. Levin,et al.  American Cancer Society Guidelines for the Early Detection of Cancer , 2002, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians.

[5]  W. Levinson The Sentinel Node in Breast Cancer , 1998 .

[6]  C. Loprinzi Follow-up testing for curatively treated cancer survivors. What to do? , 1995, JAMA.

[7]  L. Liberman,et al.  Microcalcifications on postoperative mammograms as an indicator of adequacy of tumor excision. , 1993, Radiology.

[8]  D. Ikeda,et al.  Solitary breast papilloma: comparison of mammographic, galactographic, and pathologic findings. , 1992, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[9]  B. Fisher Highlights from recent National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project studies in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer , 1999, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians.

[10]  M. Pike,et al.  Estrogens, progestogens, normal breast cell proliferation, and breast cancer risk. , 1993, Epidemiologic reviews.

[11]  G. Noël,et al.  [Tamoxifen in treatment of intraductal breast cancer: National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-24 randomized controlled trial]. , 1999, Cancer radiotherapie : journal de la Societe francaise de radiotherapie oncologique.

[12]  W. Donegan Evaluation of a palpable breast mass. , 1993, The New England journal of medicine.

[13]  R. Langer,et al.  Influence of Estrogen Plus Progestin on Breast Cancer and Mammography in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: The Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trial , 2003 .

[14]  C K Redmond,et al.  Tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer: report of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 Study. , 1999, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[15]  T. Yeatman,et al.  Lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy in the patient with breast cancer. , 1996, JAMA.

[16]  U. Chetty,et al.  Axillary dissection in breast cancer , 1991, The Lancet.

[17]  N. Robert,et al.  Multinational study of the efficacy and safety of humanized anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody in women who have HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer that has progressed after chemotherapy for metastatic disease. , 1999, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[18]  K. Kerlikowske,et al.  Incidence of and treatment for ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. , 1996, JAMA.

[19]  G. Sarto,et al.  Hormone replacement therapy in the menopause: A pro opinion , 1996, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians.

[20]  A. Mendonca Lobular Carcinoma “in Situ” (Lobular Neoplasia) , 1986 .

[21]  P. Porter,et al.  Relationship between long durations and different regimens of hormone therapy and risk of breast cancer. , 2003, JAMA.

[22]  J. Hendriks,et al.  Microcalcifications associated with ductal carcinoma in situ: mammographic-pathologic correlation. , 1994, Seminars in diagnostic pathology.

[23]  M. Coughlin,et al.  Radial Scars in Benign Breast‐Biopsy Specimens and the Risk of Breast Cancer , 2000 .

[24]  E. Lund,et al.  Physical activity and the risk of breast cancer. , 1997, The New England journal of medicine.

[25]  D. Winchester,et al.  Clinical highlights from the National Cancer Data Base: 1996 , 1996, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians.

[26]  H. Tsuda,et al.  Treatment of noninvasive carcinoma: Fifteen-Year results at the National Cancer Center Hospital in Tokyo , 2000, Breast cancer.

[27]  M. McKay,et al.  Prognostic factors in breast cancer. , 1992, The New England journal of medicine.

[28]  S. Feig,et al.  Heterogeneity of intraductal carcinoma of the breast. , 1989, Cancer.

[29]  J. Costantino,et al.  Lumpectomy and radiation therapy for the treatment of intraductal breast cancer: findings from National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-17. , 1998, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[30]  B Fisher,et al.  Lumpectomy compared with lumpectomy and radiation therapy for the treatment of intraductal breast cancer. , 1993, The New England journal of medicine.

[31]  D. Mant,et al.  Routine follow-up of breast cancer in primary care: randomized trial. , 1997 .

[32]  G. Swanson,et al.  The continuing dilemma of lobular carcinoma in situ. , 1992, Archives of surgery.

[33]  D. Chan,et al.  Use of Truquant BR radioimmunoassay for early detection of breast cancer recurrence in patients with stage II and stage III disease. , 1997, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[34]  M. Hammar,et al.  Hormone replacement therapy in the menopause. Structure and content of risk talk. , 2004, Maturitas.

[35]  R. Hoover,et al.  Reversal of relation between body mass and endogenous estrogen concentrations with menopausal status. , 1996, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[36]  W. Dupont,et al.  Transforming Growth Factor-β and Breast Cancer Risk in Women With Mammary Epithelial Hyperplasia. , 1999, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[37]  G A Colditz,et al.  Dual effects of weight and weight gain on breast cancer risk. , 1997, JAMA.

[38]  H. Anton-Culver,et al.  Treatment differences and other prognostic factors related to breast cancer survival. Delivery systems and medical outcomes. , 1994, JAMA.

[39]  E. Youssef,et al.  The value of post lumpectomy mammogram in the management of breast cancer patients presenting with suspicious microcalcifications , 1998 .

[40]  S. Edge,et al.  Treatment of early-stage breast cancer. , 1999, Current problems in cancer.

[41]  K. Bland,et al.  In situ breast carcinoma. , 1993, Advances in surgery.

[42]  W. P. Evans,et al.  Stereotactic Core‐Needle Biopsy of the Breast: A Report of the Joint Task Force of the American College of Radiology, American College of Surgeons, and College of American Pathologists , 1997, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians.

[43]  J. Andersen,et al.  Lobular carcinoma in situ. A long-term follow-up in 52 cases. , 2009 .

[44]  M. Indelli,et al.  Impact of follow-up testing on survival and health-related quality of life in breast cancer patients. A multicenter randomized controlled trial. The GIVIO Investigators. , 1994, JAMA.

[45]  N. Urban,et al.  A minimalist policy for breast cancer surveillance. , 1991, JAMA.

[46]  Robert J Cersosimo,et al.  Tamoxifen for Prevention of Breast Cancer , 2003 .

[47]  G. Murphy,et al.  Noninvasive Breast Carcinoma: Results of a National Survey by the American College of Surgeons , 1980, Annals of surgery.

[48]  D. Mant,et al.  Routine follow up of breast cancer in primary care: randomised trial , 1996, BMJ.

[49]  A. Buzdar,et al.  Anastrozole is superior to tamoxifen as first-line therapy for advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women: results of a North American multicenter randomized trial. Arimidex Study Group. , 2000, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[50]  Barbara L. Smith,et al.  Evaluation of common breast problems: Guidance for primary care providers , 1998, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians.

[51]  James Dignam,et al.  Tamoxifen in treatment of intraductal breast cancer: National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-24 randomised controlled trial , 1999, The Lancet.

[52]  W D Dupont,et al.  Risk factors for breast cancer in women with proliferative breast disease. , 1985, The New England journal of medicine.

[53]  A 47-year-old woman with ductal carcinoma in situ. , 1996, JAMA.

[54]  R. Hutter,et al.  The role of the pathologist in the management of breast cancer , 1991, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians.

[55]  G. Schwartz,et al.  Consensus Conference on the Treatment of In Situ Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast, April 22-25, 1999. , 2000, Cancer.

[56]  T. Ravikumar,et al.  Ten-year follow-up of breast carcinoma in situ in Connecticut. , 1992, Archives of surgery.

[57]  W D Plummer,et al.  Long-term risk of breast cancer in women with fibroadenoma. , 1994, The New England journal of medicine.

[58]  S. Feig,et al.  Heterogeneity of intraductai carcinoma of the breast , 1989 .

[59]  M. Lagios,et al.  Mammographically detected duct carcinoma in situ. Frequency of local recurrence following tylectomy and prognostic effect of nuclear grade on local recurrence , 1989, Cancer.

[60]  G. Murphy,et al.  Clinical highlights from the National Cancer Data Base, 1999 , 1999, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians.

[61]  C. Compton,et al.  AJCC Cancer Staging Manual , 2002, Springer New York.

[62]  Charles Kooperberg,et al.  Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. , 2002, JAMA.

[63]  J. Boyages,et al.  Predictors of local recurrence after treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ: a meta-analysis. , 1999, Cancer.

[64]  Yudong D. He,et al.  A Gene-Expression Signature as a Predictor of Survival in Breast Cancer , 2002 .

[65]  G. Schwartz,et al.  Consensus Conference on the Classification of Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast, April 22–25, 1999 , 2000, The breast journal.

[66]  Alberto Costa,et al.  Cancer of the breast , 1962 .

[67]  D. Schultz,et al.  Salvage treatment for local recurrence after breast‐conserving surgery and radiation as initial treatment for mammographically detected ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast , 2001, Cancer.

[68]  D. Winchester,et al.  Treatment trends for ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast , 1995, Annals of Surgical Oncology.

[69]  H. Thornton,et al.  Ductal carcinoma-in-situ of the breast , 1992, The Lancet.

[70]  D. Winchester,et al.  The National Cancer Data Base report on the results of a large nonrandomized comparison of breast preservation and modified radical mastectomy , 1997, Cancer.

[71]  M. Shepard Tamoxifen for Early Breast Cancer , 1998 .

[72]  G. Colditz,et al.  Radial scars in benign breast-biopsy specimens and the risk of breast cancer. , 1999, The New England journal of medicine.

[73]  J L Kelsey,et al.  Radiation and other environmental exposures and breast cancer. , 1993, Epidemiologic reviews.

[74]  Thomas J. Smith,et al.  1997 update of recommendations for the use of tumor markers in breast and colorectal cancer. Adopted on November 7, 1997 by the American Society of Clinical Oncology. , 1998, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[75]  J. Thompson,et al.  BRCA1 mutations and breast cancer in the general population: analyses in women before age 35 years and in women before age 45 years with first-degree family history. , 1998, JAMA.

[76]  J. Cronin,et al.  Summary of the workshop , 1992 .

[77]  J. Hendriks,et al.  Value of breast imaging in women with painful breasts: observational follow up study , 1998, BMJ.

[78]  C. Boni,et al.  Superior efficacy of letrozole versus tamoxifen as first-line therapy for postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer: results of a phase III study of the International Letrozole Breast Cancer Group. , 2001, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[79]  D. Mant,et al.  Follow-up of breast cancer in primary care vs specialist care: results of an economic evaluation , 1999, British Journal of Cancer.

[80]  E T BELL,et al.  The Diseases of the Breast , 1925, Nature.

[81]  W. Dupont,et al.  Transforming growth factor-beta and breast cancer risk in women with mammary epithelial hyperplasia. , 1999, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[82]  T. Powles COMMENT ON: TAMOXIFEN FOR PREVENTION OF BREAST CANCER : REPORT OF THE NATIONAL SURGICAL ADJUVANT BREAST AND BOWEL PROJECT P-1 STUDY , 1999 .

[83]  S. Ciatto,et al.  Intensive vs clinical follow-up after treatment of primary breast cancer: 10-year update of a randomized trial. National Research Council Project on Breast Cancer Follow-up. , 1999, JAMA.

[84]  M. Laberge [Cancer of the breast]. , 1961, Laval medical.

[85]  M. Greene,et al.  Genetics of breast cancer. , 1997, Mayo Clinic proceedings.

[86]  D. Slamon,et al.  Antibody to HER-2/neu receptor blocks DNA repair after cisplatin in human breast and ovarian cancer cells. , 1994, Oncogene.

[87]  G. Colditz,et al.  Summary of the workshop , 1998, Cancer.

[88]  A. Rademaker,et al.  Medical contraindications are not a major factor in the underutilization of breast conserving therapy. , 1998, Journal of the American College of Surgeons.

[89]  Swanson Jo Sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer. , 2001 .

[90]  Anne Kallioniemi,et al.  Molecular signatures of breast cancer--predicting the future. , 2002, The New England journal of medicine.

[91]  Geoff Delaney M.B.B.S.,et al.  Predictors of local recurrence after treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ - A meta-analysis , 1999 .

[92]  D. Grady A 60-year-old woman trying to discontinue hormone replacement therapy. , 2002, JAMA.

[93]  M. Morrow,et al.  Combined hormone therapy and breast cancer: a single-edged sword. , 2003, JAMA.

[94]  S. Gapstur,et al.  Alcohol and breast cancer: review of epidemiologic and experimental evidence and potential mechanisms. , 2001, JAMA.

[95]  D. Jicha,et al.  Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS): a revised concept. , 1987, Surgery.

[96]  Lyndsay N Harris,et al.  Efficacy and safety of trastuzumab as a single agent in first-line treatment of HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer. , 2002, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[97]  M. Silverstein,et al.  Axillary lymph node dissection for t1a breast carcinoma. Is it indicated? , 1994, Cancer.

[98]  E. Perez,et al.  A Randomized Trial of Letrozole in Postmenopausal Women after Five Years of Tamoxifen Therapy for Early-Stage Breast Cancer , 2003 .

[99]  D. Schultz,et al.  Mammographically detected ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast treated with breast-conserving surgery and definitive breast irradiation: long-term outcome and prognostic significance of patient age and margin status. , 2001, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[100]  T. Rebbeck,et al.  Assessment and counseling for women with a family history of breast cancer. A guide for clinicians. , 1995, JAMA.

[101]  D. Haber Prophylactic oophorectomy to reduce the risk of ovarian and breast cancer in carriers of BRCA mutations. , 2002, The New England journal of medicine.

[102]  Isabelle Bedrosian,et al.  Cyclin E and survival in patients with breast cancer. , 2002, The New England journal of medicine.

[103]  K I Bland,et al.  Clinical highlights from the National Cancer Data Base, 2000 , 2000, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians.

[104]  Axillary lymph node dissection for t1a breast carcinoma. Is it indicated? , 1994 .

[105]  R. Foster,et al.  The sentinel node in breast cancer--a multicenter validation study. , 1998, The New England journal of medicine.

[106]  W. Dupont,et al.  Lobular neoplasia of the breast: higher risk for subsequent invasive cancer predicted by more extensive disease. , 1991, Human pathology.

[107]  Kornelia Polyak,et al.  Ductal Carcinoma in Situ of the Breast , 2004, Strahlentherapie und Onkologie.

[108]  H J Wanebo,et al.  Lobular carcinoma in situ of the breast: mammographic features. , 1988, Radiology.

[109]  Anthony Howell,et al.  Effects of radiotherapy and surgery in early breast cancer. An overview of the randomized trials. , 1995, The New England journal of medicine.

[110]  L. Melton,et al.  HER-2/neu amplification in benign breast disease and the risk of subsequent breast cancer. , 2000, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[111]  W. Donegan Tumor‐related prognostic factors for breast cancer , 1997, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians.

[112]  M. Fernö,et al.  Indicators of prognosis in node-negative breast cancer. , 1990, The New England journal of medicine.

[113]  NIH consensus conference. Treatment of early-stage breast cancer. , 1991, JAMA.