Leadership Substitutes and Personality Impact on Time and Quality in Virtual New Product Development Projects

Leadership, personality, and organizational factors were analyzed to measure their combined effect on virtual-based product development time and scope-quality performance. Over 1,000 team members were surveyed. MANCOVA was used to test if leadership, personality project, and/or organizational factors impacted performance. All realistic factors were included to detect leadership substitutes moderation, mediation, and prediction. Bias was reduced by not surveying leaders, by using reverse item coding, and by checking social desirability. Experimental control and common method variance were managed by including multilevel and multisource data. Performance was objectively computed from organizational data. The findings were that transactional leadership (not transformational) and some personality attributes (leader substitutes) were significant factors, increasing project scope quality and time performance.

[1]  Eunju Ko,et al.  Organizational characteristics and the CRM adoption process , 2008 .

[2]  Scott B. MacKenzie,et al.  Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. , 2003, The Journal of applied psychology.

[3]  William E. Souder,et al.  New Product Development Performance and the Interaction of Cross‐Functional Integration and Knowledge Management , 2005 .

[4]  R. Mack,et al.  An Alternative Approach in Service Quality: An e-Banking Case Study , 2008 .

[5]  Bruce T. Barkley.  Project Management in New Product Development , 2007 .

[6]  T. Judge,et al.  Five-factor model of personality and transformational leadership. , 2000, The Journal of applied psychology.

[7]  P. Costa,et al.  Personality trait structure as a human universal. , 1997, The American psychologist.

[8]  John M. Jermier,et al.  Substitutes for leadership: Their meaning and measurement , 1978 .

[9]  Crystal L. Hoyt,et al.  Transformational and Transactional Leadership in Virtual and Physical Environments , 2003 .

[10]  Kwok Kee Wei,et al.  Interacting effects of GDSS and leadership , 1994, Decis. Support Syst..

[11]  Srinivas Talluri,et al.  Faster, better, cheaper: A study of NPD project efficiency and performance tradeoffs , 2006 .

[12]  Richard N. Landers,et al.  An investigation of Big Five and narrow personality traits in relation to Internet usage , 2006, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[13]  Avan R. Jassawalla,et al.  Strategies of Effective New Product Team Leaders , 2000 .

[14]  Anthony G. Sheard,et al.  A process perspective on leadership and team development , 2004 .

[15]  Scott B. MacKenzie,et al.  Meta-analysis of the relationships between Kerr and Jermier's substitutes for leadership and employee job attitudes, role perceptions, and performance. , 1996, The Journal of applied psychology.

[16]  Kenneth David Strang,et al.  Collaborative Synergy and Leadership in E-Business , 2009 .

[17]  R. Cooper,et al.  Maximizing Productivity in Product Innovation , 2008 .

[18]  Angel Cabrera,et al.  Determinants of individual engagement in knowledge sharing , 2006 .

[19]  A. Keegan,et al.  Transformational leadership in a project-based environment: a comparative study of the leadership styles of project managers and line managers , 2004 .

[20]  R. Calantone,et al.  Determinants of New Product Performance: A Review and Meta-Analysis , 1994 .

[21]  Using the Myers-Briggs type indicator for career development , 2000 .

[22]  David A. Griffith,et al.  Governance decisions for the offshore outsourcing of new product development in technology intensive markets , 2009 .

[23]  Edward F. McDonough,et al.  So You Want to Be a Global Project Leader? Research with over 300 Global Teams in 230 Companies Reveals Four Principal Challenges Facing These Teams and Their Leaders, along with Steps They Can Take to Meet the Challenges , 2006 .

[24]  Robert E. Ployhart,et al.  Transformational leadership: relations to the five-factor model and team performance in typical and maximum contexts. , 2004, The Journal of applied psychology.

[25]  R. Shah,et al.  In union lies strength: Collaborative competence in new product development and its performance effects , 2009 .

[26]  Sandra Valle,et al.  Cross‐functionality and leadership of the new product development teams , 2003 .

[27]  Eric W. T. Ngai,et al.  Examining the critical success factors in the adoption of enterprise resource planning , 2008, Comput. Ind..

[28]  Petra Markel,et al.  The role of subjective theories for leadership evaluation , 2006 .

[29]  James Bret Michael,et al.  Using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator as a Tool for Leadership Development? Apply With Caution , 2003 .

[30]  R. N. Kanungo,et al.  Charismatic leadership in organizations , 1998 .

[31]  Kenneth B. Kahn,et al.  PERSPECTIVE: Trends and Drivers of Success in NPD Practices: Results of the 2003 PDMA Best Practices Study* , 2009 .

[32]  Atreyi Kankanhalli,et al.  Contributing Knowledge to Electronic Knowledge Repositories: An Empirical Investigation , 2005, MIS Q..

[33]  D. Stewart,et al.  The role of method: some parting thoughts from a departing editor , 2009 .

[34]  Youngjin Yoo,et al.  Emergent leadership in virtual teams: what do emergent leaders do? , 2004, Inf. Organ..

[35]  O. I. Tukel,et al.  New Product Development Projects: The Effects of Organizational Culture , 2007 .

[36]  Kenneth D. Strang,et al.  Examining effective technology project leadership traits and behaviors , 2007, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[37]  A. Furnham.  The big five versus the big four: the relationship between the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and NEO-PI five factor model of personality , 1996 .

[38]  Timothy W. Simpson,et al.  New product development practice application to an early-stage firm: the case of the PaperPro® StackMaster™ , 2009 .

[39]  B. Bass,et al.  Re‐examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the Multifactor Leadership , 1999 .

[40]  B. Avolio,et al.  Impact of Transformational Leadership on Follower Development and Performance: A Field Experiment , 2002 .

[41]  R. McCrae.  Creativity, divergent thinking, and openness to experience. , 1987 .

[42]  P. Lok,et al.  The effect of organisational culture and leadership style on job satisfaction and organisational commitment: A cross‐national comparison , 2004 .

[43]  Shelley D. Dionne,et al.  Neutralizing substitutes for leadership theory: leadership effects and common-source bias. , 2002, The Journal of applied psychology.

[44]  Christophe Midler,et al.  Crossing innovation and product projects management: comparative analysis in the automotive industry. , 2009 .

[45]  Bruce J. Avolio,et al.  Examining the relationship of leadership and physical distance with business unit performance. , 2005 .

[46]  C. Gibson,et al.  Do you see what we see? The complex effects of perceptual distance between leaders and teams. , 2009, The Journal of applied psychology.

[47]  M. Mumford,et al.  Leading creative people: Orchestrating expertise and relationships , 2002 .

[48]  Samer Faraj,et al.  Why Should I Share? Examining Social Capital and Knowledge Contribution in Electronic Networks of Practice , 2005, MIS Q..

[49]  Fred O. Walumbwa,et al.  RETRACTED: The relationship between brokers’ influence, strength of ties and NPD project outcomes in innovation-driven horizontal networks , 2008 .

[50]  Soon Ang,et al.  Personality and leader effectiveness: a moderated mediation model of leadership self-efficacy, job demands, and job autonomy. , 2008, The Journal of applied psychology.

[51]  Jing Tan,et al.  Business-to-business adoption of eCommerce in China , 2007, Inf. Manag..

[52]  Ronald G. Askin,et al.  Project selection, scheduling and resource allocation with time dependent returns , 2009, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[53]  Kenneth David Strang.  Assessing team members' interpersonal competencies in new product development e-projects , 2009 .

[54]  H. Liao,et al.  A MULTILEVEL INVESTIGATION OF FACTORS INFLUENCING EMPLOYEE SERVICE PERFORMANCE AND CUSTOMER OUTCOMES , 2004 .

[55]  A. Joshi,et al.  Customer Knowledge Development: Antecedents and Impact on New Product Performance , 2004 .

[56]  J. Bruce Tracey,et al.  The Relevance of Charisma for Transformational Leadership in Stable Organizations , 1999 .

[57]  Peerasit Patanakul,et al.  A competency model for effectiveness in managing multiple projects , 2008 .

[58]  Steven Kerr,et al.  Moderator Variables in Leadership Research , 1986 .

[59]  Edward F. McDonough,et al.  Leading Global Product Development Teams , 2003 .

[60]  Karee E. Dunn,et al.  A Critical Review of Research on Formative Assessment: The Limited Scientific Evidence of the Impact of Formative Assessment in Education , 2009 .

[61]  W. Reynolds.  Development of reliable and valid short forms of the marlowe-crowne social desirability scale , 1982 .

[62]  R. Fisher,et al.  Social-Desirability Bias and the Validity of Self-Reported Values , 2000 .

[63]  P. Dorfman,et al.  Substitutes for Leadership: Test of a Construct , 1981 .

[64]  M. M. Capraro,et al.  Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Score Reliability Across: Studies a Meta-Analytic Reliability Generalization Study , 2002 .

[65]  Francis J. Yammarino,et al.  Leadership and levels of analysis: A state-of-the-science review , 2005 .

[66]  L. Cronbach,et al.  Aptitudes and instructional methods: A handbook for research on interactions , 1977 .

[67]  Duane Davis,et al.  Business research for decision making , 1985 .

[68]  Jacob Cohen,et al.  Weighted kappa: Nominal scale agreement provision for scaled disagreement or partial credit. , 1968 .

[69]  Dae Ryun Chang,et al.  Organizational memory influences new product success , 2008 .

[70]  O. Gassmann,et al.  Trends and determinants of managing virtual R&D teams , 2003 .

[71]  Thomas D. Taber,et al.  A Hierarchical Taxonomy of Leadership Behavior: Integrating a Half Century of Behavior Research , 2002 .

[72]  Dorothy E. Leidner,et al.  Leadership Effectiveness in Global Virtual Teams , 2002, J. Manag. Inf. Syst..

[73]  James A. Narus,et al.  Improving sourcing decisions in NPD projects: Monetary quantification of points of difference , 2009 .

[74]  Alfred Kieser,et al.  How much do specialists have to learn from each other when they jointly develop radical product innovations , 2008 .

[75]  Pierre A. Balthazard,et al.  Predictors of the emergence of transformational leadership in virtual decision teams , 2009 .

[76]  Roger J. Calantone,et al.  Is more information technology better for new product development , 2006 .

[77]  Murray R. Barrick,et al.  THE BIG FIVE PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS AND JOB PERFORMANCE: A META-ANALYSIS , 1991 .

[78]  John A. Johnson,et al.  Implementing a five-factor personality inventory for use on the internet , 2005 .

[79]  Ming-Tien Tsai,et al.  Exploratory learning and new product performance: The moderating role of cognitive skills and environmental uncertainty , 2008 .

[80]  M. Moreno-Luzon,et al.  TQM and Teamwork Effectiveness: The Intermediate Role of Organizational Design , 2008 .

[81]  Bowon Kim,et al.  Structural factors of NPD (new product development) team for manufacturability , 2009 .

[82]  Shikhar Sarin,et al.  The Effect of Team Leader Characteristics on Learning, Knowledge Application, and Performance of Cross-Functional New Product Development Teams , 2003, Decis. Sci..

[83]  A. Pinnington,et al.  Team leader autonomy in new product development , 1995 .

[84]  Tracey T. Manning,et al.  Leadership Across Cultures: Attachment Style Influences , 2003 .

[85]  Ronald F. Piccolo,et al.  Transformational and transactional leadership: a meta-analytic test of their relative validity. , 2004, The Journal of applied psychology.

[86]  Mitsuru Kodama.  How two Japanese high‐tech companies achieved rapid innovation via strategic community networks , 2005 .

[87]  W. Duncan.  A GUIDE TO THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE , 1996 .

[88]  Francis J. Yammarino,et al.  Substitutes for leadership, or not , 2005 .

[89]  Eileen Z. Taylor,et al.  The Effect of Incentives on Knowledge Sharing in Computer-Mediated Communication: An Experimental Investigation , 2006, J. Inf. Syst..

[90]  R. Dodhia.  A Review of Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (3rd ed.) , 2005 .

[91]  Kenneth David Strang,et al.  Using Recursive Regression to Explore Nonlinear Relationships and Interactions: A Tutorial Applied to a Multicultural Education Study. , 2009 .

[92]  I. Robertson,et al.  Do You Have the Personality to Be a Leader , 1994 .

[93]  Mindi K. McKenna,et al.  The impact of behavioral style assessment on organizational effectiveness: a call for action , 2002 .

[94]  T. Judge,et al.  Personality and leadership: a qualitative and quantitative review. , 2002, The Journal of applied psychology.

[95]  Harry Scarbrough,et al.  Managing through Projects in Knowledge-based Environments: Special Issue Introduction by the Guest Editors , 2008 .

[96]  D. van Knippenberg,et al.  Transformational leadership and team innovation: integrating team climate principles. , 2008, The Journal of applied psychology.

[97]  Y. Sankar.  Character Not Charisma is the Critical Measure of Leadership Excellence , 2003 .

[98]  William H. Bommer,et al.  Relationships between leader reward and punishment behavior and subordinate attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors: A meta-analytic review of existing and new research , 2006 .

[99]  Subin Im,et al.  Crafting an environment to foster integration in new product teams , 2008 .

[100]  D. Marlowe,et al.  A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. , 1960, Journal of consulting psychology.

[101]  John J. Sosik.  The role of personal values in the charismatic leadership of corporate managers: A model and preliminary field study , 2005 .

[102]  Edward F. McDonough,et al.  Managers at Work: Leading Global Product Development Teams , 2003 .

[103]  D. Milosevic,et al.  Assigning new product projects to multiple-project managers: What market leaders do , 2006 .

[104]  Teresa M. Amabile,et al.  Creativity under the gun. , 2002, Harvard business review.

[105]  Richard R. Reilly,et al.  The Impact of Leader Personality on New Product Development Teamwork and Performance: The Moderating Role of Uncertainty , 2006 .

[106]  H. P. Sims,et al.  Self-Management as a Substitute for Leadership: A Social Learning Theory Perspective , 1980 .

[107]  Iryna Pentina,et al.  Information processing and new product success: a meta‐analysis , 2007 .

[108]  G. Dobbins,et al.  The Role of Self-Monitoring and Gender on Leader Emergence: A Laboratory and Field Study , 1990 .

[109]  R. Keller,et al.  Transformational leadership, initiating structure, and substitutes for leadership: a longitudinal study of research and development project team performance. , 2006, The Journal of applied psychology.

[110]  Yoke San Wong,et al.  A dynamic model for managing overlapped iterative product development , 2008, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[111]  Steven E. Stemler.  Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation A Comparison of Consensus, Consistency, and Measurement A Comparison of Consensus, Consistency, and Measurement Approaches to Estimating Interrater Reliability Approaches to Estimating Interrater Reliabilit , 2022 .