High-performance ionic and non-ionic fluoropolymer/ionic liquid (with quaternary cation and perfluoroalkyltrifluoroborate anion) gel hybrid actuators with electrochemical window of 6 V

Abstract Ionic liquids (ILs) were synthesized. We herein evaluated the electrochemical and electromechanical properties of actuators based on an ionic fluoropolymer (NafionTM) and a non-ionic fluoropolymer (poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) [PVdF(HFP)]) gel fabricated using a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT), and containing an IL gel electrode based on aliphatic or cyclic quaternary cations in addition to the perfluoroalkyltrifluoroborate anion. This actuator is an electrochemical window of 6 V. We found that the ionic conductivity of the gel electrolyte layer was dependent on the IL species employed. In addition, the double-layer capacitance of the P14 (N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium) cations was larger than that of the DEME (N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium) cations. Furthermore, the maximum strains of the ±3 V actuators were 1.5–2 times larger than those of the ±2 V actuators, and the maximum generated stresses were 0.35–0.63 MPa in the NafionTM–PVdF(HFP)–SWCNT–IL actuator. These results indicate that PVdF(HFP)/NafionTM-based actuators containing quaternary cations and perfluoroalkyltrifluoroborate anions and with an electrochemical window of 6 V are highly suitable for practical applications

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