Serum activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) as an indicator of health and disease

This document presents the official position of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) on the application of serum alanine aminotransferase (AL T) activity, based upon an analysis of the currently available scientific data. Its authorship was selected by the Public Policy Committee. The document is fully endorsed by the AASLD Governing Board.

[1]  G. Bray,et al.  Epidemiology, trends, and morbidities of obesity and the metabolic syndrome , 2006, Endocrine.

[2]  M. Alter,et al.  The Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Infection in the United States, 1999 through 2002 , 2006, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[3]  D. Mozaffarian,et al.  Elevated serum alanine aminotransferase activity and calculated risk of coronary heart disease in the United States , 2006, Hepatology.

[4]  S. Haffner,et al.  Liver markers and development of the metabolic syndrome: the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study. , 2005, Diabetes.

[5]  M. Yuen,et al.  Prognostic determinants for chronic hepatitis B in Asians: therapeutic implications , 2005, Gut.

[6]  T. Nakajima,et al.  A follow-up study to determine the value of liver biopsy and need for antiviral therapy for hepatitis C virus carriers with persistently normal serum aminotransferase. , 2005, Journal of hepatology.

[7]  A. Lazenby,et al.  Spectrum of NAFLD and diagnostic implications of the proposed new normal range for serum ALT in obese women , 2005, Hepatology.

[8]  T. Therneau,et al.  Mortality and hospital utilization for hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. , 2005, Gastroenterology.

[9]  W. Markiewicz,et al.  Association Between Elevated Liver Enzymes and C-Reactive Protein: Possible Hepatic Contribution to Systemic Inflammation in the Metabolic Syndrome , 2004, Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology.

[10]  L. Kundrotas,et al.  Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation in asymptomatic US air force basic trainee blood donors , 1993, Digestive Diseases and Sciences.

[11]  M. Camilo,et al.  Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis , 2005, Digestive Diseases and Sciences.

[12]  K. Flegal,et al.  Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults, 1999-2002. , 2004, JAMA.

[13]  I. Suh,et al.  Normal serum aminotransferase concentration and risk of mortality from liver diseases: prospective cohort study , 2004, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[14]  Brian P. Mulhall,et al.  Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis , 2004, Current treatment options in gastroenterology.

[15]  K. McGlynn,et al.  The Continuing Increase in the Incidence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the United States: An Update , 2003, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[16]  B. Portmann,et al.  Liver histology and progression of fibrosis in individuals with chronic hepatitis C and persistently normal ALT , 2003, American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[17]  M. Yuen,et al.  A large population study of spontaneous HBeAg seroconversion and acute exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B infection: implications for antiviral therapy , 2003, Gut.

[18]  J. Everhart,et al.  Determinants of the association of overweight with elevated serum alanine aminotransferase activity in the United States. , 2003, Gastroenterology.

[19]  R. Green,et al.  AGA technical review on the evaluation of liver chemistry tests. , 2002, Gastroenterology.

[20]  A. Zanella,et al.  Updated Definitions of Healthy Ranges for Serum Alanine Aminotransferase Levels , 2002, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[21]  W. Kim,et al.  Burden of liver disease in the United States: Summary of a workshop , 2002, Hepatology.

[22]  Jacques Ferlay,et al.  Estimating the world cancer burden: Globocan 2000 , 2001, International journal of cancer.

[23]  H. Kumada,et al.  [Chronic hepatitis B]. , 2001, Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai zasshi = The Japanese journal of gastro-enterology.

[24]  W. Kim,et al.  Outcome of hospital care of liver disease associated with hepatitis C in the United States , 2001, Hepatology.

[25]  J. Raufman,et al.  Liver biopsy in the evaluation of patients with chronic hepatitis C who have repeatedly normal or near-normal serum alanine aminotransferase levels. , 2000, The American journal of medicine.

[26]  E L Murphy,et al.  Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States. , 1999, The New England journal of medicine.

[27]  Inda,et al.  The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1988 through 1994. , 1999, The New England journal of medicine.

[28]  G. Gerken,et al.  Characterization of the overlap syndrome of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and autoimmune hepatitis: Evidence for it being a hepatitic form of PBC in genetically susceptible individuals , 1999, Hepatology.

[29]  A. Frydén,et al.  The clinical significance of slightly to moderately increased liver transaminase values in asymptomatic patients. , 1999, Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology.

[30]  K. Lindor,et al.  The ratio of aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase: potential value in differentiating nonalcoholic steatohepatitis from alcoholic liver disease , 1999, American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[31]  H. El‐Serag,et al.  Rising incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. , 1999, The New England journal of medicine.

[32]  M. Bardella,et al.  Chronic unexplained hypertransaminasemia may be caused by occult celiac disease , 1999, Hepatology.

[33]  D. Vlahov,et al.  A prospective, community‐based evaluation of liver enzymes in individuals with hepatitis C after drug use , 1999, Hepatology.

[34]  A. Blei,et al.  Diurnal variation of serum alanine transaminase activity in chronic liver disease , 1998, Hepatology.

[35]  J. M. Calvo Romero,et al.  Gastric adenocarcinoma and kidney transplantation , 1998 .

[36]  J. Delattre,et al.  Factors associated with serum alanine transaminase activity in healthy subjects: Consequences for the definition of normal values, for selection of blood donors, and for patients with chronic hepatitis C , 1998, Hepatology.

[37]  F. Gordon,et al.  AST/ALT Ratio Predicts Cirrhosis in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection , 1998, American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[38]  J. Emparanza,et al.  [The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection]. , 1998, Gastroenterologia y hepatologia.

[39]  G. Tytgat,et al.  Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: A Clinical Review , 1998, American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[40]  A. Magrini,et al.  Clinical, histological, and virological features of hepatitis C virus carriers with persistently normal or abnormal alanine transaminase levels , 1997, Hepatology.

[41]  P. Bedossa,et al.  Natural history of liver fibrosis progression in patients with chronic hepatitis C , 1997, The Lancet.

[42]  G. Weinstock,et al.  Human glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT): localization to 8q24.3, cDNA and genomic sequences, and polymorphic sites. , 1997, Genomics.

[43]  J W Shih,et al.  Routes of infection, viremia, and liver disease in blood donors found to have hepatitis C virus infection. , 1996, The New England journal of medicine.

[44]  Ruth E. Brown,et al.  Prevention of hepatitis B virus transmission by immunization. An economic analysis of current recommendations. , 1995, JAMA.

[45]  B. Neuschwander‐Tetri,et al.  Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: an expanded clinical entity. , 1994, Gastroenterology.

[46]  C G Fraser,et al.  Biological variation in clinical chemistry. An update: collated data, 1988-1991. , 1992, Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine.

[47]  K. Titani,et al.  Complete amino acid sequence of human liver cytosolic alanine aminotransferase (GPT) determined by a combination of conventional and mass spectral methods. , 1991, Biochemistry.

[48]  A. Salvaggio,et al.  Body mass index and liver enzyme activity in serum. , 1991, Clinical chemistry.

[49]  P. Adams,et al.  Clinical presentation of hemochromatosis: a changing scene. , 1991, The American journal of medicine.

[50]  K. Summers,et al.  Identification of homozygous hemochromatosis subjects by measurement of hepatic iron index , 1990, Hepatology.

[51]  R. Crystal,et al.  Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, emphysema, and liver disease. Genetic basis and strategies for therapy. , 1990, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[52]  J. Hoofnagle,et al.  Ratio of serum aspartate to alanine aminotransferase in chronic hepatitis. Relationship to cirrhosis. , 1988, Gastroenterology.

[53]  B. Portmann,et al.  RISK FACTORS IN DEVELOPMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN CIRRHOSIS: PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF 613 PATIENTS , 1985, The Lancet.

[54]  J. Ewing,et al.  Detecting alcoholism. The CAGE questionnaire. , 1984, JAMA.

[55]  J. Boitnott,et al.  Relationship between pyridoxal 5'-phosphate deficiency and aminotransferase levels in alcoholic hepatitis. , 1984, Gastroenterology.

[56]  J. Ludwig,et al.  Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Mayo Clinic experiences with a hitherto unnamed disease. , 1980, Mayo Clinic proceedings.

[57]  R. Wright.  Liver and biliary disease: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, management , 1979 .

[58]  F. Szalay,et al.  OSTEOPOROSIS AND ANDROGENS , 1976, The Lancet.

[59]  G. Siest,et al.  Aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities in plasma: statistical distributions, individual variations, and reference values. , 1975, Clinical chemistry.

[60]  M. Selzer.  The Michigan alcoholism screening test: the quest for a new diagnostic instrument. , 1971, The American journal of psychiatry.

[61]  Wilson Jm,et al.  Principles and practice of mass screening for disease , 1968 .

[62]  F. Nuttall,et al.  Creatine kinase and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase activity in serum: kinetics of change with exercise and effect of physical conditioning. , 1968, The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine.

[63]  Ja Wilson,et al.  Principles and practice of screening for disease , 1968 .