Content-sensitive inference, modularity and the assumption of formal processing

Performance on the Wason selection task varies with content. This has been taken to demonstrate that there are different cognitive modules for dealing with different conceptual domains. This implication is only legitimate if our underlying cognitive architecture is formal. A non-formal system can explain content-sensitive inference without appeal to independent inferential modules.

[1]  Risto Miikkulainen,et al.  Natural Language Processing With Modular PDP Networks and Distributed Lexicon , 1991, Cogn. Sci..

[2]  James L. McClelland,et al.  The TRACE model of speech perception , 1986, Cognitive Psychology.

[3]  A. Caramazza,et al.  Domain-Specific Knowledge Systems in the Brain: The Animate-Inanimate Distinction , 1998, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[4]  R. Miikkulainen,et al.  Forming global representations with extended backpropagation , 1988, IEEE 1988 International Conference on Neural Networks.

[5]  Thomas Goschke,et al.  The concept of representation and the representation of concepts in connectionist models , 1991 .

[6]  L. Cosmides,et al.  Toward an evolutionary taxonomy of treatable conditions. , 1999, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[7]  Antony Browne,et al.  Connectionist inference models , 2001, Neural Networks.

[8]  Robert A. Wilson.  Philosophy of psychology , 2005 .

[9]  Janet Wiles,et al.  Context-free and context-sensitive dynamics in recurrent neural networks , 2000, Connect. Sci..

[10]  J. Fodor,et al.  Why we are so good at catching cheaters , 2000, Cognition.

[11]  Stephan K. Chalup,et al.  Hill climbing in recurrent neural networks for learning the a/sup n/b/sup n/c/sup n/ language , 1999, ICONIP'99. ANZIIS'99 & ANNES'99 & ACNN'99. 6th International Conference on Neural Information Processing. Proceedings (Cat. No.99EX378).

[12]  L. Cosmides,et al.  Consider the source: The evolution of adaptations for decoupling and metarepresentation , 2000 .

[13]  P. Carruthers.  Minds and Persons: Moderately Massive Modularity , 2003 .

[14]  John Haugeland.  Mind design , 1985 .

[15]  A. Blair,et al.  Hill Climbing in Recurrent Neural Networks for Learning the a n b n c n Language , 2007 .

[16]  J. Fodor.  The Modularity of mind. An essay on faculty psychology , 1986 .

[17]  Philip N. Johnson-Laird,et al.  Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Insight into a Logical Relation Insight into a Logical Relation , 2022 .

[18]  Woo-kyoung Ahn,et al.  The Impact of Necessity and Sufficiency in the Wason Four-Card Selection Task , 1999 .

[19]  David J. Chalmers,et al.  Syntactic Transformations on Distributed Representations , 1990 .

[20]  James L. McClelland,et al.  An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: Part 2. The contextual enhancement effect and some tests and extensions of the model. , 1982, Psychological review.

[21]  A. Caramazza,et al.  Domain-Specific Knowledge Systems in the Brain: The Animate-Inanimate Distinction , 1998, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[22]  Jordan B. Pollack,et al.  Recursive Distributed Representations , 1990, Artif. Intell..

[23]  Jordan B. Pollack,et al.  The induction of dynamical recognizers , 1991, Machine Learning.

[24]  L. Cosmides,et al.  The Adapted Mind , 1992 .

[25]  P. Johnson-Laird,et al.  REASONING AND A SENSE OF REALITY , 1972 .

[26]  Marc Toussaint,et al.  Task-dependent evolution of modularity in neural networks , 2002 .

[27]  Michael I. Jordan,et al.  Modular and hierarchical learning systems , 1998 .

[28]  James L. McClelland,et al.  An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: part 1.: an account of basic findings , 1988 .

[29]  L. Cosmides,et al.  Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture, part II: Case study: A computational theory of social exchange , 1989 .

[30]  S. Gelman,et al.  Mapping the Mind: Domain Specificity In Cognition And Culture , 1994 .

[31]  Jeffrey L. Elman,et al.  Finding Structure in Time , 1990, Cogn. Sci..

[32]  Richard A. Griggs,et al.  The elusive thematic‐materials effect in Wason's selection task , 1982 .

[33]  Michael A. Arbib,et al.  The handbook of brain theory and neural networks , 1995, A Bradford book.

[34]  P C Wason,et al.  Reasoning about a Rule , 1968, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology.

[35]  Steven Phillips,et al.  Are Feedforward and Recurrent Networks Systematic? Analysis and Implications for a Connectionist Cognitive Architecture , 1998, Connect. Sci..

[36]  R. Miikkulainen,et al.  A modular neural network architecture for sequential paraphrasing of script-based stories , 1989, International 1989 Joint Conference on Neural Networks.

[37]  L. Cosmides,et al.  The Adapted mind : evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture , 1992 .

[38]  Jacek Poznanski.  Contemporary Debates in the Philosophy of Science , 2005 .

[39]  Michael R. W. Dawson,et al.  A parallel distributed processing model of Wason’s selection task , 2001, Cognitive Systems Research.

[40]  C. Moore,et al.  Is prospective altruist-detection an evolved solution to the adaptive problem of subtle cheating in cooperative ventures? Supportive evidence using the Wason selection task , 2000 .

[41]  A. Leslie.  Pretense and representation: The origins of "theory of mind." , 1987 .

[42]  Terrence J. Sejnowski,et al.  Parallel Networks that Learn to Pronounce English Text , 1987, Complex Syst..

[43]  L. Cosmides,et al.  No interpretation without representation: the role of domain-specific representations and inferences in the Wason selection task , 2000, Cognition.

[44]  D. Povinelli,et al.  Mindblindness. An Essay on Autism and Theory of Mind Simon Baron-Cohen 1995 , 1996, Trends in Neurosciences.

[45]  P. Wason.  The Effect of Self-Contradiction on Fallacious Reasoning , 1964 .

[46]  Janet Wiles,et al.  On learning context-free and context-sensitive languages , 2002, IEEE Trans. Neural Networks.

[47]  J. Fodor,et al.  Connectionism and cognitive architecture: A critical analysis , 1988, Cognition.

[48]  Amanda J. C. Sharkey,et al.  Modularity, Combining and Artificial Neural Nets , 1997, Connect. Sci..

[49]  Christopher R. Hitchcock.  Contemporary debates in philosophy of science , 2004 .

[50]  D. Sperber,et al.  Relevance theory explains the selection task , 1995, Cognition.

[51]  P. Johnson-Laird,et al.  Psychology of Reasoning: Structure and Content , 1972 .

[52]  Graeme S. Halford,et al.  Systematicity: Psychological evidence with connectionist implications , 1997 .

[53]  James L. McClelland,et al.  An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: I. An account of basic findings. , 1981 .

[54]  J. Elman,et al.  Learning and morphological change , 1995, Cognition.

[55]  L. Cosmides,et al.  Cognitive adaptations for social exchange. , 1992 .

[56]  Mikael Bodén,et al.  Semantic systematicity and context in connectionist networks , 2000, Connect. Sci..

[57]  Peter Carruthers,et al.  Moderately Massive Modularity , 2003, Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement.

[58]  Jürgen Schmidhuber,et al.  LSTM recurrent networks learn simple context-free and context-sensitive languages , 2001, IEEE Trans. Neural Networks.

[59]  M. Braine.  On the Relation Between the Natural Logic of Reasoning and Standard Logic. , 1978 .

[60]  J. Fodor.  Reply to Beaman , 2002, Cognition.

[61]  J. Tooby,et al.  In : Metarepresentations : A Multidisciplinary Perspective , 2000 .

[62]  S. Phillips,et al.  Processing capacity defined by relational complexity: implications for comparative, developmental, and cognitive psychology. , 1998, The Behavioral and brain sciences.

[63]  B. Foss.  New Horizons in Psychology 1 , 1966 .

[64]  L. Cosmides.  The logic of social exchange: Has natural selection shaped how humans reason? Studies with the Wason selection task , 1989, Cognition.

[65]  D. Norris.  Shortlist: a connectionist model of continuous speech recognition , 1994, Cognition.

[66]  S. Pinker.  The Language Instinct , 1994 .