The Brain Knows More than It Admits: a Quantum Model and its Experimental Con

Neuroscience has realized valuable advances. As example, it has identified brain regions performing learning, memory, feeling and still more. The current tendency in neuroscience retains that adding pieces of knowledge day by day, we will finally arrive to an unified understanding of brain including the manner in which mind and consciousness arise and explain their functions. Also a number of empirical psychological results have been collected. However a profound gap remains between neuroscience advances and empirical psychological data .We retain that such existing gap is due to a missing theoretical model linking neuroscience to psychology . We have arrived to formulate a basic theoretical quantum model particularly of the perceptive - cognitive functions. The result is that quantum mechanics has a decisive role in human cognition. Our quantum model relates directly our mind entities. The model also finds the existing correlations between the brain time dynamics operating without direct awareness and the subsequent behaviour that is induced determining our subsequent behaviours. In the present paper we discuss in detail and for the first time such further basic features of the model. We perform one experiment on priming showing that its results agree with the given quantum mechanical basic model. c

[1]  A. W. Liley,et al.  An investigation of spontaneous activity at the neuromuscular junction of the rat , 1956, The Journal of physiology.

[2]  Joseph P. Zbilut,et al.  On a simple case of possible non-deterministic chaotic behavior in compartment theory of biological observables , 2004 .

[3]  S. Freud.  Zur Dynamik Der Übertragung , 2013 .

[4]  N. Mermin.  Quantum mysteries revisited , 1990 .

[5]  E. Conte.  On the logical origins of quantum mechanics demonstrated by using Clifford algebra , 2011 .

[6]  Daniel Braun,et al.  Creation of entanglement by interaction with a common heat bath. , 2002, Physical review letters.

[7]  Huping Hu,et al.  Spin as Primordial Self-Referential Process Driving Quantum Mechanics, Spacetime Dynamics and Consciousness , 2007 .

[8]  Diederik Aerts,et al.  A model of the emergence and evolution of integrated worldviews , 2009, 1001.1399.

[9]  Claudio Altafini.  On the Generation of Sequential Unitary Gates from Continuous Time Schrödinger Equations Driven by External Fields , 2002, Quantum Inf. Process..

[10]  J. Jenkins.  Remember that old theory of memory? Well, forget it. , 1974 .

[11]  P. Roland,et al.  Supplementary motor area and other cortical areas in organization of voluntary movements in man. , 1980, Journal of neurophysiology.

[12]  F A Wolf.  On the quantum physical theory of subjective antedating. , 1989, Journal of theoretical biology.

[13]  Julia Kempe,et al.  Quantum random walks: An introductory overview , 2003, quant-ph/0303081.

[14]  S. Dehaene,et al.  Levels of processing during non-conscious perception: a critical review of visual masking , 2007, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[15]  J. Changeux,et al.  Opinion TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences Vol.10 No.5 May 2006 Conscious, preconscious, and subliminal processing: a testable taxonomy , 2022 .

[16]  Peculiarities of quantum mechanics: Origins and meaning , 1996, quant-ph/9607017.

[17]  Spin-Mediated Consciousness Theory , 2004 .

[18]  Jonathan Grainger,et al.  Unconscious semantic priming from pictures , 1999, Cognition.

[19]  Diederik Aerts,et al.  Why the Disjunction in Quantum Logic is Not Classical , 2000 .

[20]  A proof of von Neumann’s postulate in Quantum Mechanics , 2010 .

[21]  Diederik Aerts,et al.  A case for applying an abstracted quantum formalism to cognition , 2011 .

[22]  Andrei Khrennikov.  Linear representations of probabilistic transformations induced by context transitions , 2001 .

[23]  D. Snyder.  On the Quantum Mechanical Wave Function as a Link Between Cognition and the Physical World: A Role for Psychology , 2020 .

[24]  Diederik Aerts,et al.  A theory of concepts and their combinations I: The structure of the sets of contexts and properties , 2005 .

[25]  Diederik Aerts,et al.  Contextualizing concepts using a mathematical generalization of the quantum formalism , 2002, J. Exp. Theor. Artif. Intell..

[26]  E. Conte.  A Reformulation of von Neumann’s Postulates on Quantum Measurement by Using Two Theorems in Clifford Algebra , 2010 .

[27]  On the Nature of the Change in the Wave Function in a Measurement in Quantum Mechanics , 1995, quant-ph/9601006.

[28]  THE LAW OF SELF-REFLEXION: A Possible Unified Explanation for the Three Different Psychological Phenomena , 2002 .

[29]  Andrei Khrennikov.  Interference of probabilities in the classical probabilistic framework , 2005, Fuzzy Sets Syst..

[30]  Joseph P. Zbilut,et al.  A model of biological neuron with terminal chaos and quantum-like features , 2006 .

[31]  M. Zak.  Non-Lipschitzian dynamics for neural net modelling , 1989 .

[32]  James T. Townsend,et al.  Quantum dynamics of human decision-making , 2006 .

[33]  Albert Einstein,et al.  Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete? , 1935 .

[34]  E. H. Walker.  Quantum mechanical tunneling in synaptic and ephaptic transmission , 1977 .

[35]  Tony R. Martinez,et al.  An Artificial Neuron with Quantum Mechanical Properties , 1997, ICANNGA.

[36]  Joseph P. Zbilut,et al.  A Preliminary Experimental Verification On the Possibility of Bell Inequality Violation in Mental States , 2008 .

[37]  Joseph P. Zbilut,et al.  Detection of physiological singularities in respiratory dynamics analyzed by recurrence quantification analysis of tracheal sounds , 2004 .

[38]  J. Smart,et al.  The Nature of Physical Reality. , 1951 .

[39]  G. Müller,et al.  Experimentelle Beiträge zur Lehre vom Gedächtniss , 1900 .

[40]  Yu. F. Orlov.  Wave calculus based upon wave logic , 1978 .

[41]  Henry Margenau,et al.  The miracle of existence , 1984 .

[42]  H. Pashler.  Dual-task interference in simple tasks: data and theory. , 1994, Psychological bulletin.

[43]  Elio Conte,et al.  Testing Quantum Consciousness , 2008 .

[44]  Elio Conte.  Advances in Application of Quantum Mechanics in Neuroscience and Psychology: A Clifford Algebraic Approach , 2012 .

[45]  Diederik Aerts,et al.  A Theory of Concepts and Their Combinations II: A Hilbert Space Representation , 2004 .

[46]  E. Conte.  A Preliminary Experimental Verification of Violation of Bell Inequality in a Quantum Model of Jung Theory of Personality Formulated with Clifford Algebra , 2010 .

[47]  Y. Orlov,et al.  The wave logic of consciousness: A hypothesis , 1982 .

[48]  W. T. Maddox,et al.  Relations between prototype, exemplar, and decision bound models of categorization , 1993 .

[49]  James T. Townsend,et al.  Exploring the relations between categorization and decision making with regard to realistic face stimuli , 2000 .

[50]  E. Jaynes.  Probability theory : the logic of science , 2003 .

[51]  QUANTUM MEASUREMENT ACT AS A SPEECH ACT , 2005, quant-ph/0504199.

[52]  Algebras with three anticommuting elements. I. Spinors and quaternions , 1981 .

[53]  L L Jacoby,et al.  Unconscious perception: attention, awareness, and control. , 1994, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[54]  Diederik Aerts,et al.  A cross-disciplinary framework for the description of contextually mediated change , 2008 .

[55]  Joseph P. Zbilut,et al.  A brief note on possible detection of physiological singularities in respiratory dynamics by recurrence quantification analysis of lung sounds , 2004 .

[56]  J. Wheeler,et al.  Quantum theory and measurement , 1983 .

[57]  C. Koch,et al.  Consciousness and neuroscience. , 1998, Cerebral cortex.

[58]  A predictive model of ψ collapse-retrocollapse of quantum mechanics , 1981 .

[59]  J. Eccles,et al.  A unitary hypothesis of mind-brain interaction in the cerebral cortex , 1990, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. B. Biological Sciences.

[60]  I. Pitowsky.  Quantum Probability ― Quantum Logic , 1989 .

[61]  Joseph P. Zbilut,et al.  ON THE POSSIBILITY THAT WE THINK IN A QUANTUM MECHANICAL MANNER: AN EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF EXISTING QUANTUM INTERFERENCE EFFECTS IN COGNITIVE ANOMALY OF CONJUNCTION FALLACY , 2010 .

[62]  Thomas F. Jordan.  Quantum mysteries explored , 1994 .

[63]  Michail Zak.  Dynamical simulations of probabilities , 1997 .

[64]  J. Busemeyer,et al.  Empirical Comparison of Markov and Quantum models of decision-making , 2009 .

[65]  Diederik Aerts,et al.  Quantum, classical and intermediate: An illustrative example , 1994 .

[66]  D W Massaro,et al.  Retroactive interference in short-term recognition memory for pitch. , 1970, Journal of experimental psychology.

[67]  E. Conte.  An Example of Wave Packet Reduction Using Biquaternions , 1993 .

[68]  Andrei Khrennikov,et al.  Mental States Follow Quantum Mechanics During Perception and Cognition of Ambiguous Figures , 2009, Open Syst. Inf. Dyn..

[69]  E. Conte.  Wave Function Collapse in Biquaternion Quantum Mechanics , 1994 .

[70]  Friedrich Beck.  Can Quantum Processes Control Synaptic Emission? , 1996, Int. J. Neural Syst..

[71]  Unconscious perception: Assumptions and interpretive difficulties , 2004, Consciousness and Cognition.

[72]  Elio Conte,et al.  On the Possibility That We Think in a Quantum Probabilistic Manner , 2010 .

[73]  S C Draine,et al.  Replicable unconscious semantic priming. , 1998, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[74]  J. Monnin,et al.  Unconscious odor detection could not be due to odor itself , 2004, Brain Research.

[75]  S. Freud.  Vorlesungen zur Einführung in die Psychoanalyse und Neue Folge , 1989 .

[76]  Andrei Khrennikov,et al.  The Principle of Supplementarity: A Contextual Probabilistic Viewpoint to Complementarity, the Interference of Probabilities and Incompatibility of Variables in Quantum Mechanics , 2005 .

[77]  J. Eccles,et al.  Quantum aspects of brain activity and the role of consciousness. , 1992, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[78]  Y. Orlov.  The Logical Origins of Quantum Mechanics , 1994 .

[79]  Reinhard Blutner,et al.  Two qubits for C.G. Jung’s theory of personality , 2010, Cognitive Systems Research.

[80]  H. Dale.  Retroactive Interference in Short-term Memory , 1964, Nature.

[81]  J. Eccles,et al.  Quantum Processes in the Brain: A Scientific Basis of Consciousness , 1998 .

[82]  Andrei Khrennikov,et al.  Quantum-like brain: "Interference of minds". , 2006, Bio Systems.

[83]  Jan Bouda,et al.  Entanglement swapping between multi-qudit systems , 2001 .

[84]  Andrei Khrennikov.  The quantum-like brain on the cognitive and subcognitive time scales , 2008 .

[85]  Diederik Aerts,et al.  The Violation of Bell Inequalities in the Macroworld , 2000, quant-ph/0007044.

[86]  Henry L. Roediger,et al.  Output Interference in the Recall of Categorized and Paired-Associate Lists , 1980 .

[87]  A. Jacobson,et al.  Transfer of a Response to Naive Rats by Injection of Ribonucleic Acid Extracted from Trained Rats , 1965, Science.

[88]  D. A. Dunnett.  Classical Electrodynamics , 2020, Nature.

[89]  E. Conte.  An Investigation on the Basic Conceptual Foundations of Quantum Mechanics by Using the Clifford Algebra , 2011, 1106.3091.

[90]  F. Benfenati.  Synaptic plasticity and the neurobiology of learning and memory. , 2007, Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis.

[91]  Martin Eimer,et al.  Links between conscious awareness and response inhibition: Evidence from masked priming , 2002, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[92]  Asher Peres.  Recursive definition for elements of reality , 1992 .

[93]  K. Imaeda.  Quaternionic formulation of tachyons, superluminal transformations and a complex space-time , 1979 .

[94]  Brian J. Scholl,et al.  Forming and updating object representations without awareness: evidence from motion-induced blindness , 2005, Vision Research.

[95]  Quantum-mechanical tunneling in associative neural networks , 2000 .

[96]  Joseph P. Zbilut,et al.  On the Existence of Quantum Wave Function and Quantum Interference Effects in Mental States: An Experimental Confirmation During Perception and Cognition in Humans , 2008 .

[97]  R. Morrow,et al.  Foundations of Quantum Mechanics , 1968 .

[98]  D. Navon,et al.  Role of outcome conflict in dual-task interference. , 1987, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[99]  J. A. McGeoch.  Forgetting and the law of disuse. , 1932 .

[100]  Joseph P. Zbilut,et al.  Some remarks on an experiment suggesting quantum-like behavior of cognitive entities and formulation of an abstract quantum mechanical formalism to describe cognitive entity and its dynamics , 2007 .